Association of oral bacteria with oral hygiene habits and self-reported gingival bleeding

Aim To describe associations of gingival bacterial composition and diversity with self-reported gingival bleeding and oral hygiene habits in a Norwegian regional-based population. Materials and Methods We examined the microbiome composition of the gingival fluid (16S amplicon sequencing) in 484 adult participants (47% females; median age 28 years) in the Respiratory Health in Northern Europe, Spain and Australia (RHINESSA) study in Bergen, Norway. We explored bacterial diversity and abundance differences by the community periodontal index score, self-reported frequency of gingival bleeding, and oral hygiene habits. Results Gingival bacterial diversity increased with increasing frequency of self-reported gingival bleeding, with higher Shannon diversity index for always beta = 0.51 and often beta = 0.75 (p < .001) compared to never gingival bleeding. Frequent gingival bleeding was associated with higher abundance of several bacteria such as Porphyromonas endodontalis, Treponema denticola, and Fretibacterium spp., but lower abundance of bacteria within the gram-positive phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. Flossing and rinsing with mouthwash twice daily were associated with higher total abundance of bacteria in the Proteobacteria phylum but with lower bacterial diversity compared to those who never flossed or never used mouthwash. Conclusions A high frequency of self-reported gingival bleeding was associated with higher bacterial diversity than found in participants reporting no gingival bleeding and with higher total abundance of known periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas spp., Treponema spp., and Bacteroides spp.

Automated summary

Research findings have shown that increasing self-reported gingival bleeding frequency is associated with increased gingival bacterial diversity. Frequent gingival bleeding is associated with increased abundance of certain bacteria (such as Porphyromonas endodontalis, Treponema denticola, and Fretibacterium spp.), but decreased abundance of bacteria within the gram-positive phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. Additionally, using dental floss and mouthwash twice daily is associated with increased total abundance of bacteria in the Proteobacteria phylum, but decreased bacterial diversity.