Energy-related approach for reduction of CO2 emissions: A critical strategy on the port-to-ship pathway

The maritime sector has been searching for efficient solutions to change energy consumptions patterns of ports and ships to ensure sustainable operation and to reduce CO2 emissions to support sustainable transport in line with International Maritime Organization (IMO) policy guidelines. Therefore, pursuing smart strategies by utilizing renewable energy sources, clean fuels, smart grid, as well as measures of efficient-energy use are beneficial towards attaining the core goals of the IMO, specifically CO2 emission reduction in the future. In this review work, the main methods and criteria for monitoring CO2 emission from ports and ships are meticulously presented. Advanced renewable energy technologies connected with sources such as solar, wind, tidal, wave, and alternative fuels and their application in ports to reduce CO2 are thoroughly examined. In addition, energy-saving techniques and strategies for alternative power and fuels in ships are comprehensively evaluated. The key finding is that port-to-ship interactions such as using zero-emission energy sources or nearly zero-emission approaches could offer significant benefits for CO2 emission reduction. Finally, it is recommended that smart approaches associated with efficient and clean energy use for the port-to-ship pathways to generate net zero-CO2 emissions for the maritime shipping sector need further urgent investigation.

Automated summary

The maritime sector is working towards finding efficient solutions to change energy consumption patterns of ports and ships in order to ensure sustainable operation and reduce CO2 emissions. This review work presents the main methods and criteria for monitoring CO2 emissions from ports and ships, as well as thoroughly examines the application of renewable energy technologies and energy-saving techniques in reducing CO2 in ports and ships. The key finding is that port-to-ship interactions utilizing zero-emission energy sources or nearly zero-emission approaches offer significant benefits for CO2 emission reduction.