Simultaneous solvent extraction and quantification of eleven amine compounds related to Chemical Weapon Convention in soils via hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

The detection of Chemical Weapon Convention (CWC)-related amine compounds including the precursors or degradation products of V-type organophosphorus nerve agent, nitrogen mustard and 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate is an important aspect for verifying their intact chemical warfare agents. This work focuses on the development of a novel formulation for the simultaneous solvent extraction of eleven CWC-related amine compounds, from the four-type soil matrices including environmental standard soil, sand, clay, and loam. Extracts were well separated on the hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and then detected by MS/MS multiple reaction monitoring mode. The type and component of solvent mixtures were optimized to cover a wide range of polarity over all eleven amine compounds with high extraction efficiencies. Extraction parameters, such as the proportion of methanol, water and NH 4 OH, the times and the period of extraction, and volumes of extraction solution were optimized. The results indicated that a mixed solvent of methanol/water (44:53, v/v) in 3.0% NH 4 OH was the optimal formulation for extraction of all 11 analytes with high mean extraction recoveries (64.4-96.1%). Specificity and sensitivity were well improved by the good separation of 11 analytes from four-type soil matrices using these optimized HILIC parameters. This method was fully validated for each analyte in four soil matrices. The linear range of 11 analytes was 0.50/0.75-50 0 ng center dot g -1 with correlation coefficient ( R 2 ) >0.990, and intra/inter-day accuracies were 70.3-125% with relative standard deviation (RSD) <19.3%. Limit of detection (LOD) of 11 analytes ranged from 0.01 to 0.5 ng center dot g -1 , which was far lower than those reported in previous studies. The built method accomplishes simultaneously quantitative and trace measurement of all eleven CWCrelated amine compounds within a single solvent extraction and detection. It only takes a small amount of soil samples and possesses the highest sensitivity over all previous methods. This study provides an optional recommended operating procedure for determination of CWC-related amine compounds in four typical types of complex soils during chemical weapons verification. (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

This study focuses on the development of a novel formulation for the simultaneous solvent extraction of eleven Chemical Weapon Convention (CWC)-related amine compounds from different soil matrices. By optimizing the solvent mixture and extraction parameters, the method achieves high extraction efficiency and detection sensitivity for these compounds. It provides a recommended operating procedure for the determination of CWC-related amine compounds in complex soils during chemical weapons verification.