Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps by Reduction of Cellular Cholesterol Is Independent of Oxygen and HIF-1α

Formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is a two-faced innate host defense mechanism, which, on the one hand, can counteract microbial infections, but on the other hand, can contribute to massive detrimental effects on the host. Cholesterol depletion from the cellular membrane by Methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (M beta CD) is known as one of the processes initiating NET formation. Since neutrophils mainly act in an inflammatory environment with decreased, so-called hypoxic, oxygen conditions, we aimed to study the effect of oxygen and the oxygen stress regulator hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 alpha on cholesterol-dependent NET formation. Thus, murine bone marrow-derived neutrophils from wild-type and HIF-knockout mice or human neutrophils were stimulated with M beta CD under normoxic (21% O-2) compared to hypoxic (1% O-2) conditions, and the formation of NETs were studied by immunofluorescence microscopy. We found significantly induced NET formation after treatment with M beta CD in murine neutrophils derived from wild-type as well as HIF-1 alpha KO mice at both hypoxic (1% O-2) as well as normoxic (21% O-2) conditions. Similar observations were made in freshly isolated human neutrophils after stimulation with M beta CD or statins, which block the HMG-CoA reductase as the key enzyme in the cholesterol metabolism. HPLC was used to confirm the reduction of cholesterol in treated neutrophils. In summary, we were able to show that NET formation via M beta CD or statin-treatment is oxygen and HIF-1 alpha independent.

Automated summary

This study investigates the effect of oxygen and the oxygen stress regulator HIF-1 alpha on cholesterol-dependent NET formation. The researchers found that the formation of NETs was significantly induced by M beta CD under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions in murine neutrophils and human neutrophils. Similar observations were made in human neutrophils stimulated with M beta CD or statins.