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Drosophila as a Model System for Studying of the Evolution and Functional Specialization of the Y Chromosome

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MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084184

关键词

Drosophila; Y chromosome; piRNA pathway; rDNA; intron gigantism; azoospermia; transposable elements

资金

  1. Russian Federation [MK-1205.2022.1.4]

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The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in male animals and undergoes dynamic evolutionary changes. It is characterized by unique chromatin landscapes and is enriched in tandem repeats and transposons. Despite structural divergence, Y-linked genes are mainly associated with spermatogenesis and male-specific selection shapes the evolution of Y chromosomes.
The Y chromosome is one of the sex chromosomes found in males of animals of different taxa, including insects and mammals. Among all chromosomes, the Y chromosome is characterized by a unique chromatin landscape undergoing dynamic evolutionary change. Being entirely heterochromatic, the Y chromosome as a rule preserves few functional genes, but is enriched in tandem repeats and transposons. Due to difficulties in the assembly of the highly repetitive Y chromosome sequence, deep analyses of Y chromosome evolution, structure, and functions are limited to a few species, one of them being Drosophila melanogaster. Despite Y chromosomes exhibiting high structural divergence between even closely related species, Y-linked genes have evolved convergently and are mainly associated with spermatogenesis-related activities. This indicates that male-specific selection is a dominant force shaping evolution of Y chromosomes across species. This review presents our analysis of current knowledge concerning Y chromosome functions, focusing on recent findings in Drosophila. Here we dissect the experimental and bioinformatics data about the Y chromosome accumulated to date in Drosophila species, providing comparative analysis with mammals, and discussing the relevance of our analysis to a wide range of eukaryotic organisms, including humans.

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