Bioactivity of Phytosterols and Their Production in Plant in Vitro Cultures

Phytosterols are a kind of plant metabolite-belonging to the triterpene family. These compounds are essential biomolecules for human health, and so they must be taken from foods beta-Sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol are the main phytosterols found in plants. Phytosterols have beneficial effects on human health since they are able to reduce plasma cholesterol levels and have antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities. However, there are many difficulties in obtaining them, since the levels of these compounds produced from plant raw materials are low and their chemical synthesis is not economically profitable for commercial exploitation. A biotechnological. alternative for their production is the use. of plant cell and hairy root cultures. This-review is focused on the biosynthesis of phytosterols and their function in both plants and humans as well as the-different biotechnological strategies to increase phythsterol-biosynthesis. Special attention is given to describing new methodologies-based on the use of recombinant DNA technology to increase the levels of phytosterols.