期刊
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
卷 64, 期 47, 页码 9022-9032出版社
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02975
关键词
Citrus paradisi; flavonoids; phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; chalcone synthase; chalcone isomerase; 1,2-rhamnosyltransferase
资金
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Grant of Designing Foods for Health through the Vegetable & Fruit Improvement Center [2010-34402-20875]
- state funding VFIC-TX state appropriation [2013-121277]
In the current study, the phytochemical contents and expression of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis in Rio Red grapefruit were studied at different developmental and maturity stages for the first time. Grapefruit were harvested in June, August, November, January, and April and analyzed for the levels of carotenoids, vitamin C, limonoids, flavonoids, and furocoumarins by HPLC. In addition, genes encoding for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), and 1,2-rhamnosyltransferase (2RT) were isolated, and their expression in grapefruit juice vesicles was studied. Fruit maturity had significant influence on the expression of the genes, with PAL, CHS, and CHI having higher expression in immature fruits (June), whereas 2RT expression was higher in mature fruits (November and January). The levels of flavonoids (except naringin and poncirin), vitamin C, and furocoumarins gradually decreased from June to April. Furthermore, limonin levels sharply decreased in January. Lycopene decreased whereas beta-carotene gradually increased with fruit maturity. Naringin did not exactly follow the pattern of 2RT or of PAL, CHS, and CHI expression, indicating that the four genes may have complementary effects on the level of naringin. Nevertheless, of the marketable fruit stages, early-season grapefruits harvested in November contained more beneficial phytochemicals as compared to mid- and late-season fruits harvested in January and April, respectively.
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