期刊
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
卷 206, 期 -, 页码 954-976出版社
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.064
关键词
Cellulose; Nanocellulose; Nanocrystal; Nanofiber; Nanomaterials
资金
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia [FRGS/1/2020/TK0/UTM/02/59]
- Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS)
The emergence of nanocellulose from various natural resources has attracted significant interest as a promising nanomaterial. This review discusses the three main types of nanocellulose, their preparation techniques, surface modification methods, and provides insights into the applications, challenges, and future directions in nanocellulose research.
The emergence of nanocellulose from various natural resources as a promising nanomaterial has been gaining interest for a wide range application. Nanocellulose serves as an excellent candidate since it contributes numerous superior properties and functionalities. In this review, details of the three main nanocellulose categorised: cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), cellulose nanofibril (CNF), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) have been described. We focused on the preparation and isolation techniques to produce nanocellulose including alkaline pre-treatment, acid hydrolysis, TEMPO-mediated oxidation, and enzymatic hydrolysis. The surface modification of nanocellulose through esterification, silylation, amidation, phosphorylation, and carboxymethylation to improve the diverse applications has also been reviewed. Some invigorating perspectives on the applications, challenges, and future directions on the relevant issues regarding nanocellulose are also presented.
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