Combined analysis of silk synthesis and hemolymph amino acid metabolism reveal key roles for glycine in increasing silkworm silk yields

Rearing silkworms (Bombyx mori) using formula feed has revolutionized traditional mulberry feed strategies. However, low silk production efficiencies persist and have caused bottlenecks, hindering the industrial appli-cation of formula feed sericulture. Here, we investigated the effects of formula feed amino acid composition on silk yields. We showed that imbalanced amino acids reduced DNA proliferation, decreased Fib-H, Fib-L, and P25 gene expression, and caused mild autophagy in the posterior silk gland, reducing cocoon shell weight and ratio. When compared with mulberry leaves, Gly, Ala, Ser, and Tyr percentages of total amino acids in formula feed were decreased by 5.26%, while Glu and Arg percentages increased by 9.56%. These changes increased uric acid and several amino acids levels in the hemolymph of silkworms on formula feed. Further analyses showed that Gly and Thr (important synthetic Gly sources) increased silk yields, with Gly increasing amino acid conversion ef-ficiencies to silk protein, and reducing urea levels in hemolymph. Also, Gly promoted endomitotic DNA synthesis in silk gland cells via phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling. In this study, we highlighted the important role of Gly in regulating silk yields in silkworms.

Automated summary

This study investigated the effects of amino acid composition in formula feed on silk yields in silkworms. It was found that imbalanced amino acids decreased DNA proliferation, gene expression, and caused autophagy in the silk gland, resulting in reduced cocoon shell weight. Changes in amino acid composition in formula feed increased uric acid and several amino acids levels in silkworm hemolymph. Glycine (Gly) was found to increase silk yields by promoting amino acid conversion efficiencies and endomitotic DNA synthesis in silk gland cells via the PI3K/Akt/TOR signaling pathway.