4.6 Review

Recent progress on studies of airborne infectious disease transmission, air quality, and thermal comfort in the airliner cabin air environment

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Article Construction & Building Technology

Evaluation of different air distribution systems in a commercial airliner cabin in terms of comfort and COVID-19 infection risk

Mingxin Liu et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the performance of a novel displacement ventilation (DV) system and a traditional mixing ventilation (MV) system in an airliner cabin, and found that polydisperse particles should be used to calculate the risk of infection in airliner cabins, with lower infection risk with DV compared to MV during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic.

BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT (2022)

Article Construction & Building Technology

Influencing factors in the simulation of airflow and particle transportation in aircraft cabins by CFD

Qing Cao et al.

Summary: Effective ventilation systems are essential for controlling the transport of particles like the SARS-CoV-2 virus in airliner cabins. Validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models are frequently used to investigate air distribution and contaminant transportation. This study evaluated the effects of different ventilation systems, turbulence models, and particle simulation methods on airflow and particulate distributions in airliner cabins. The results show that accuracy and cost-effectiveness can be achieved by carefully selecting validation processes and simulation methods.

BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT (2022)

Article Environmental Sciences

Identification of key volatile organic compounds in aircraft cabins and associated inhalation health risks

Yihui Yin et al.

Summary: The identification of key VOCs during flights is crucial for creating a satisfactory aircraft cabin environment. By comparing VOC databases for indoor building environments and aircraft cabin environments, common compounds and characteristic VOCs were determined, with discussions on possible VOC emission sources during flights. Additionally, prediction of TVOC concentration using a neural network algorithm and assessment of cancer/non-cancer risks to crew members and passengers were conducted, proposing specific key VOCs in aircraft cabins.

ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL (2022)

Article Construction & Building Technology

Evaluation of SARS-COV-2 transmission and infection in airliner cabins

Wensi Wang et al.

Summary: Commercial airliners have played a significant role in the global spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Using computational fluid dynamics, this study simulated the transmission of the virus on two flights. The results suggest that wearing masks and reducing conversation frequency can help mitigate the risk of exposure to the virus.

INDOOR AIR (2022)

Article Infectious Diseases

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during a 2-h domestic flight to Okinawa, Japan, March 2020

Takao Toyokawa et al.

Summary: This study found that on domestic flights, nonuse of face masks was identified as an independent risk factor for contracting COVID-19 on the airplane. Being seated close to the index case and using face masks were also associated with the risk of infection.

INFLUENZA AND OTHER RESPIRATORY VIRUSES (2022)

Article Construction & Building Technology

Experimental study of thermo-fluid boundary conditions, airflow and temperature distributions in a single aisle aircraft cabin mockup

Congcong Wang et al.

Summary: Aircraft cabin mockup is an important tool for studying the aircraft cabin environment. This study measured thermal-fluid conditions, airflow, and temperature distributions in a full-scale aircraft cabin mockup and evaluated the measurement accuracy and uncertainty, finding differences in measurement uncertainties between different instruments.

INDOOR AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT (2021)

Editorial Material Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

SARS-CoV-2: how safe is it to fly and what can be done to enhance protection?

Anthony D. Harries et al.

Summary: With lockdown restrictions easing, airlines are resuming flights. While evidence of SARS-CoV-2 transmission on aircraft is limited, other respiratory infections have been documented. Passengers can enhance personal protection by wearing masks, wiping surfaces with sanitizers, avoiding touching their faces, not queuing, and considering seat selection.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE (2021)

Review Environmental Sciences

Occupational risk of organophosphates and other chemical and radiative exposure in the aircraft cabin: A systematic review

Kevin Hayes et al.

Summary: Occupational exposure to oil fumes, organophosphates, halogenated flame retardants, and other contaminants is a concern in the aviation industry. While contaminant concentrations in the aircraft cabin generally do not exceed air quality guidelines, questions remain about their applicability in this environment. The study aims to synthesize existing research, identify knowledge gaps, and highlight potential areas for further investigation such as potable water and air conditioning turbines as possible sources of pollutant exposure.

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT (2021)

Article Thermodynamics

On COVID-19-safety ranking of seats in intercontinental commercial aircrafts: A preliminary multiphysics computational perspective

Prathamesh S. Desai et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted public transit systems, leading to potential increased usage of autonomous cars and personal rapid transit systems post-COVID-19. However, air travel is likely to remain the primary mode of intercontinental transportation for humans.

BUILDING SIMULATION (2021)

Review Construction & Building Technology

Cabin air quality on non-smoking commercial flights: A review of published data on airborne pollutants

Ruiqing Chen et al.

Summary: The study reviewed 47 documents on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measurements in commercial aircraft, finding that most VOCs were below permissible levels, with benzene slightly higher. The concentrations of semi-volatile organic compounds and other pollutants did not exceed standards in buildings, but average NO2 concentration was slightly elevated. Additionally, ozone concentration was below the recommended limit, outdoor air supply rate exceeded minimum requirement for commercial aircraft, carbon dioxide concentration was within permitted levels, and temperature and humidity were generally within recommended ranges for comfort.

INDOOR AIR (2021)

Article Construction & Building Technology

Experimental evaluation of particle exposure at different seats in a single-aisle aircraft cabin

Xingyang Li et al.

Summary: This study conducted experiments in a simulated aircraft cabin and found that the particle exposure was lowest at window seats. The presence of a passenger in the middle seat who did not release particles helped disperse particles and reduce exposure for adjacent passengers. Additionally, released particles in the cabin mockup could be transported across at least four rows of seats in the longitudinal direction.

BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT (2021)

Article Construction & Building Technology

Respiratory bioaerosol deposition from a cough and recovery of viable viruses on nearby seats in a cabin environment

Cunteng Wang et al.

Summary: The study found that the height of the seat backrest and the presence of a gasper jet above the infected passenger can significantly reduce the deposition of viruses on nearby seats, thus mitigating the risk of contact transmission in public transport cabins.

INDOOR AIR (2021)

Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Probability and estimated risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the air travel system

Jenna K. Pang et al.

Summary: The study found that there were at least 2866 infectious passengers in the air travel system within a population of 1.4 billion passengers transmitting the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Accounting for correction factors, the global risk of transmission during air travel is estimated at 1:1.7 million; although assumptions exist around case detection rate and mass screenings. The uncertainty in correction factors and a 95% credible interval indicate the risk ranges from 1 case for every 712,000 travelers to 1 case for every 8 million travelers.

TRAVEL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE (2021)

Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Thermal Condition and Air Quality Investigation in Commercial Airliner Cabins

Nu Yu et al.

Summary: The study found that CO2 concentrations were high on flights, but CO concentrations were below safety limits. The significant changes in cabin pressure may cause discomfort for passengers and crew members. PM concentrations are affected by turbulence and the age of the aircraft.

SUSTAINABILITY (2021)

Article Business

Airplane Seating Assignment Problem

John A. Pavlik et al.

Summary: The article discusses the transmission risks of SARS-CoV-2 on airplanes and introduces the airplane seating assignment problem (ASAP) to reduce transmission risk. Research shows that seating assignments provided by the proposed models have lower aggregate risk than the strategy of blocking the middle seats for the same number of passengers. Future efforts should focus on developing risk models based on SARS-CoV-2 to better address the pandemic.

SERVICE SCIENCE (2021)

Article Thermodynamics

Investigation of thermal comfort on innovative personalized ventilation systems for aircraft cabins: A numerical study with computational fluid dynamics

Chanfiou Ahmed Mboreha et al.

Summary: Airliner passengers have high demands for thermal comfort, making it challenging for crew to control the environment system. This study proposed six innovative personalized ventilation systems and validated them with Computational Fluid Dynamics program, providing satisfactory thermal comfort in aircraft cabins.

THERMAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING PROGRESS (2021)

Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Lack of COVID-19 transmission on an international flight

Kevin L. Schwartz et al.

CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL (2020)

Article Infectious Diseases

In-flight transmission cluster of COVID-19: a retrospective case series

Naibin Yang et al.

INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

Editorial Material Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Absence of in-flight transmission of SARS-CoV-2 likely due to use of face masks on board

Ran Nir-Paz et al.

JOURNAL OF TRAVEL MEDICINE (2020)

Review Environmental Sciences

Transmission of COVID-19 virus by droplets and aerosols: A critical review on the unresolved dichotomy

Mahesh Jayaweera et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH (2020)

Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission on an International Flight and Among a Tourist Group

Sebastian Hoehl et al.

JAMA NETWORK OPEN (2020)

Review Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Navigating the risks of flying during COVID-19: a review for safe air travel

Aisha N. Khatib et al.

JOURNAL OF TRAVEL MEDICINE (2020)

Article Immunology

In Flight Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory SARS-CoV-2

Edward M. Choi et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

Article Immunology

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 During Long-Haul Flight

Nguyen Cong Khanh et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Investigation of thermal comfort and the nozzle usage behaviour in aircraft cabins

Zhaosong Fang et al.

INDOOR AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT (2019)

Article Construction & Building Technology

Evaluating the commercial airliner cabin environment with different air distribution systems

Ruoyu You et al.

INDOOR AIR (2019)

Review Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Microorganisms @ materials surfaces in aircraft: Potential risks for public health? - A systematic review

Bin Zhao et al.

TRAVEL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE (2019)

Review Thermodynamics

A Review about Thermal Comfort in Aircraft

Fan Juli et al.

JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCE (2019)

Article Thermodynamics

Comparison of STAR-CCM plus and ANSYS Fluent for simulating indoor airflows

Ying Zou et al.

BUILDING SIMULATION (2018)

Article Construction & Building Technology

Development of adaptive coarse grid generation methods for fast fluid dynamics in simulating indoor airflow

Wei Liu et al.

JOURNAL OF BUILDING PERFORMANCE SIMULATION (2018)

Article Thermodynamics

Ventilation strategies and air quality management in passenger aircraft cabins: A review of experimental approaches and numerical simulations

Hossam A. Elmaghraby et al.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT (2018)

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PIV experimental research on gasper jets interacting with the main ventilation in an aircraft cabin

Jiayu Li et al.

BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT (2018)

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Evaluation of relative weights for temperature, CO2, and noise in the aircraft cabin environment

Susu Jia et al.

BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT (2018)

Review Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Indoor air humidity, air quality, and health - An overview

Peder Wolkoff

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYGIENE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH (2018)

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Ceiling-based cabin displacement ventilation in an aircraft passenger cabin: Analysis of thermal comfort

Julia Maier et al.

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Article Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications

PIV methods for quantifying human thermal plumes in a cabin environment without ventilation

Jiayu Li et al.

JOURNAL OF VISUALIZATION (2017)

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Thermal comfort criteria for personal air supply in aircraft cabins in winter

Yuxin Wu et al.

BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT (2017)

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PIV experimental study of the large-scale dynamic airflow structures in an aircraft cabin: Swing and oscillation

Jiayu Li et al.

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Evaluation of airborne disease infection risks in an airliner cabin using the Lagrangian-based Wells-Riley approach

Yihuan Yan et al.

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The appropriate airflow rate for a nozzle in commercial aircraft cabins based on thermal comfort experiments

Xiuyuan Du et al.

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Investigating the impact of gaspers on cabin air quality in commercial airliners with a hybrid turbulence model

Ruoyu You et al.

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Modeling of gasper-induced jet flow and its impact on cabin air quality

Zhu Shi et al.

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Pollutant exposures and health symptoms in aircrew and office workers: Is there a link?

Peder Wolkoff et al.

ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL (2016)

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Influenza Transmission on Aircraft A Systematic Literature Review

Katrin Leitmeyer et al.

EPIDEMIOLOGY (2016)

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Airborne aldehydes in cabin-air of commercial aircraft: Measurement by HPLC with UV absorbance detection of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones

Wolfgang Rosenberger et al.

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Experimental and numerical study of airflow distribution in an aircraft cabin mock-up with a gasper on

Ruoyu You et al.

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Predicting airflow distribution and contaminant transport in aircraft cabins with a simplified gasper model

Ruoyu You et al.

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A method to optimize sampling locations for measuring indoor air distributions

Yan Huang et al.

ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (2015)

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Weighting of climate parameters for the prediction of thermal comfort in an aircraft passenger cabin

Julia Maier et al.

BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT (2015)

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Global airflow field distribution in a cabin mock-up measured via large-scale 2D-PIV

Jiayu Li et al.

BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT (2015)

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Inverse design of the thermal environment in an airliner cabin by use of the CFD-based adjoint method

Wei Liu et al.

ENERGY AND BUILDINGS (2015)

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Flow Characteristics and Turbulence Simulation for an Aircraft Cabin Environment

Zhaohui Yao et al.

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Experimental study of gaseous and particulate contaminants distribution in an aircraft cabin

Fei Li et al.

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Field study of thermal environment spatial distribution and passenger local thermal comfort in aircraft cabin

Weilin Cui et al.

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State-space analysis of influencing factors on airborne particle concentration in aircraft cabins

Shang Zhai et al.

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Measurement of particle deposition rates in a commercial aircraft cabin

Robert W. Powell et al.

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A modified tracer-gas decay model for ventilation rate measurements in long and narrow spaces

Jiangyue Chao et al.

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Spatial Distribution of Thermal Environment Parameters and its Impact on Passengers' Comfort in 14 Boeing 737 Aircraft Cabins

Weilin Cui et al.

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A simplified method for assessing particle deposition rate in aircraft cabins

Ruoyu You et al.

ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (2013)

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Ozone reaction with clothing and its initiated particle generation in an environmental chamber

Aakash C. Rai et al.

ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (2013)

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Climate preferences and expectations and their influence on comfort evaluations in an aircraft cabin

Julia Winzen et al.

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A hybrid model for investigating transient particle transport in enclosed environments

Chun Chen et al.

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Method to predicting optimal cabin operative temperature for civil aircraft

Pang Liping et al.

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Evaluation of various categories of turbulence models for predicting air distribution in an airliner cabin

Wei Liu et al.

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Carlo Giaconia et al.

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Impact of air distribution system on quality of ventilation in small aircraft cabin

Jan Fiser et al.

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Influence of a Controlled Environment Simulating an In-Flight Airplane Cabin on Dry Eye Disease

Marisa Teson et al.

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Current studies on air distributions in commercial airliner cabins

Wei Liu et al.

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Low humidity in the aircraft cabin environment and its impact on well-being - Results from a laboratory study

Gunnar Gruen et al.

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Seat headrest-incorporated personalized ventilation: Thermal comfort and inhaled air quality

A. Melikov et al.

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State-of-the-art methods for studying air distributions in commercial airliner cabins

Wei Liu et al.

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Risk assessment of airborne infectious diseases in aircraft cabins

Jitendra K. Gupta et al.

INDOOR AIR (2012)

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Impact of scaling and body movement on contaminant transport in airliner cabins

Sagnik Mazumdar et al.

ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (2011)

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Local and overall thermal comfort in an aircraft cabin and their interrelations

Sumee Park et al.

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Fine particle dispersion in a commercial aircraft cabin

Jeremy M. Beneke et al.

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A Review of Methods Applied to Study Airborne Biocontaminants inside Aircraft Cabins

Sandro Tavares Conceição et al.

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Flow and contaminant transport in an airliner cabin induced by a moving body: Model experiments and CFD predictions

Stephane B. Poussou et al.

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Novel personalized and humidified air supply for airliner passengers

P. Zitek et al.

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Improving Cabin Thermal Comfort by Controlling Equivalent Temperature

Allen R. Curran et al.

SAE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AEROSPACE (2010)

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Modeling the Fate of Expiratory Aerosols and the Associated Infection Risk in an Aircraft Cabin Environment

M. P. Wan et al.

AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2009)

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Experimental parametric study of forced and mixed convection in a passenger aircraft cabin mock-up

Matthias Kuehn et al.

BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT (2009)

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Experimental and numerical investigation of airflow and contaminant transport in an airliner cabin mockup

Zhao Zhang et al.

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Large scale particle image velocimetry with helium filled soap bubbles

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EXPERIMENTS IN FLUIDS (2009)

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Characterization of expiration air jets and droplet size distributions immediately at the mouth opening

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Experimental research on photocatalytic oxidation air purification technology applied to aircraft cabins

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Personalized ventilation for commercial aircraft cabins

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PLOS ONE (2008)

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Volatile organic compounds in indoor environment and photocatalytic oxidation: State of the art

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Self-assessed occupational health and working environment of female nurses, cabin crew and teachers

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Novel air distribution systems for commercial aircraft cabins

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Factors affecting ozone removal rates in a simulated aircraft cabin environment

Gyongyi Tamas et al.

ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (2006)

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Experimental and numerical simulations of idealized aircraft cabin flows

Gero Guenther et al.

AEROSPACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2006)

Article Construction & Building Technology

Development of a new photocatalytic oxidation air filter for aircraft cabin

A Ginestet et al.

INDOOR AIR (2005)

Article Construction & Building Technology

Health and perception of cabin air quality among Swedish commercial airline crew

T Lindgren et al.

INDOOR AIR (2005)

Review Construction & Building Technology

A critical review of reported air concentrations of organic compounds in aircraft cabins

NL Nagda et al.

INDOOR AIR (2003)

Review Construction & Building Technology

Low relative humidity and aircraft cabin air quality

NL Nagda et al.

INDOOR AIR (2001)