New Evidence of Rubber-Derived Quinones in Water, Air, and Soil

Article Environmental Sciences

The Tire Wear Compounds 6PPD-Quinone and 1,3-Diphenylguanidine in an Urban Watershed

Cassandra Johannessen et al.

Summary: The study found that toxic tire-wear compounds such as 6PPD-quinone and DPG were transported into the Don River in the Greater Toronto Area during heavy rain events.

ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY (2022)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

p-Phenylenediamine Antioxidants in PM2.5: The Underestimated Urban Air Pollutants

Yanhao Zhang et al.

Summary: The use and wear of rubber products lead to the release of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) antioxidants in the environment. However, there is limited research on the pollution characteristics and potential health risks of PM2.5-bound PPDs. This study reports the widespread distribution of six emerging PPDs and a quinone derivative, 6PPDQ, in PM2.5 from urban areas of China. The study suggests that urban vehicle rubber tire abrasion contributes to the presence of PPDs in PM2.5.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Detection of selected tire wear compounds in urban receiving waters*

Cassandra Johannessen et al.

Summary: The study found that road runoff can transport chemicals from tire wear into receiving waters, posing a threat to aquatic organisms.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A ubiquitous tire rubber-derived chemical induces acute mortality in coho salmon

Zhenyu Tian et al.

Summary: Research on coho salmon in the U.S. Pacific Northwest revealed unexpected risks of a highly toxic quinone transformation product of the tire rubber antioxidant 6PPD. This implies toxicological relevance for burned-off tire rubber residues to aquatic species.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Diphenylamine Antioxidants in wastewater influent, effluent, biosolids and landfill leachate: Contribution to environmental releases

Zi-Feng Zhang et al.

Summary: DPAs are widely present in various environmental matrices in WWTPs and landfill sites, with biosolids being the main removal pathway. High removal efficiencies of most DPAs were observed in secondary and advanced treatment processes, while primary treatment exhibited lower removal efficiency.

WATER RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Paraphenylenediamine and related chemicals as allergens responsible for allergic contact dermatitis

Joanna Bacharewicz-Szczerbicka et al.

Summary: Positive patch test reactions to PPDA and related chemicals were found in 4.1% of ACD patients. 34.3% of patients had occupational related PPDA allergy, while 36.7% had a personal history of atopy.

ARCHIVES OF MEDICAL SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

A Direct Mass Spectrometry Method for the Rapid Analysis of Ubiquitous Tire-Derived Toxin N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine Quinone (6-PPDQ)

Joseph Monaghan et al.

Summary: The oxidative transformation product of a common tire preservative, known as 6-PPDQ, has been found to contribute to urban runoff mortality syndrome in Coho salmon. A direct sampling tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and optimized for semi-quantitative determination of 6-PPDQ, with no sample cleanup steps or chromatographic separations required. This method is suitable for real-time process monitoring and demonstrated effective removal of 6-PPDQ from tire fragments.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS (2021)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Risk of pesticide pollution at the global scale

Fiona H. M. Tang et al.

Summary: Pesticides are widely used in agriculture to protect food production but also pose risks to water quality, biodiversity, and human health. A global study found that 64% of agricultural land worldwide is at risk of pesticide pollution, with 31% at high risk, particularly in areas with high biodiversity and water scarcity. High-concern regions such as South Africa, China, India, Australia, and Argentina were identified as facing high pesticide pollution risk, high biodiversity, and water scarcity issues.

NATURE GEOSCIENCE (2021)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Occurrence of Substituted p-Phenylenediamine Antioxidants in Dusts

Wei Huang et al.

Summary: This study investigated the occurrence of six major PPD antioxidants and a newly defined transformation product in dust particles from different environments, revealing their ubiquitous presence in the studied environments. Higher levels of PPDs were found in dust from vehicle-related environments, suggesting potential influence from vehicle tires or rubber products. Different composition profiles of PPDs were observed between house dust and vehicle-related dust.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Occurrence, removal and mass balance of substituted diphenylamine antioxidants in wastewater treatment plants in Northeast China

Xue Zhang et al.

Summary: Substituted diphenylamine antioxidants (SDPAs) are commonly used additives in various commodities and are commonly found in environmental samples. This study investigated the occurrence and removal efficiency of ten selected SDPAs in six WWTPs in Northeast China, revealing consistent dominant congers in influent, effluent, and sludge. A cyclic activated sludge system combined with a V-shape filter demonstrated the highest removal efficiencies of SDPAs among different treatment processes.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Organic Markers of Tire and Road Wear Particles in Sediments and Soils: Transformation Products of Major Antiozonants as Promising Candidates

Philipp Kloeckner et al.

Summary: This study identified three organic compounds as suitable quantitative markers for TRWPs through non-target screening and liquid-chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry identification. These compounds showed a linear response in standard addition experiments and were correlated with TRWP contents in environmental samples, suggesting their potential as markers for TRWP quantification. The use of organic markers would allow for easy quantification of TRWPs with traditional tandem MS equipment in organic trace analytical laboratories, facilitating data generation on TRWP occurrence in various environmental matrices.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Acute Toxicity of a Tire Rubber-Derived Chemical, 6PPD Quinone, to Freshwater Fish and Crustacean Species

Kyoshiro Hiki et al.

Summary: The study revealed that 6PPD quinone did not exhibit acute lethal toxicity to freshwater fish and crustacean species. This suggests that the urban runoff toxicity observed could be attributed to other chemicals. Further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms of the observed difference in toxicity.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences