期刊
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
卷 56, 期 8, 页码 5266-5275出版社
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06996
关键词
1; 4-dioxane; exposure; drinking water; consumer products; simulation modeling
资金
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development
This study estimated the exposure and mass released of 1,4-dioxane from drinking water consumption and product use using a simulation modeling tool. The results showed that people exposed to both contaminated water and product use had higher exposures, primarily attributable to water consumption.
1,4-Dioxane is a persistent and mobile organic chemical that has beenfound by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to be anunreasonable risk to human health in some occupational contexts. 1,4-Dioxane isreleased into the environment as industrial waste and occurs in some personal-careproducts as an unintended byproduct. However, limited exposure assessments havebeen conducted outside of an occupational context. In this study, the USEPAsimulation modeling tool, Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulator-HighThroughput (SHEDS-HT), was adapted to estimate the exposure and chemical massreleased down the drain (DTD) from drinking water consumption and product use.1,4-Dioxane concentrations measured in drinking water and consumer products wereused by SHEDS-HT to evaluate and compare the contributions of these sources toexposure and mass released DTD. Modeling results showed that compared to peoplewhose daily per capita exposure came from only products (2.29x10-7to 2.92x10-7mg/kg/day), people exposed to both contaminated water and product use had higherper capita median exposures (1.90x10-6to 4.27x10-6mg/kg/day), with exposure mass primarily attributable to waterconsumption (75-91%). Last, we demonstrate through simulation that while a potential regulatory action could broadly reduceDTD release, the proportional reduction in exposure would be most significant for people with no or low water contamination.
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