期刊
ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL
卷 161, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107093
关键词
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Bisphenol A; Bisphenol F; Bisphenol S; Children
资金
- Ministry of Environment through the Environmental Health Center Program of the Republic of Korea
- Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea - Ministry of Education [2018R1D1A1B07043446]
- Bio & Medical Technology Development Program of the National Research Foundation (NRF) - Korean Government (MSIT) [2019M3E5D1A01069345]
- Ministry of Food and Drug Safety [18162MFDS121]
- National Research Foundation of Korea [2019M3E5D1A01069345, 2018R1D1A1B07043446] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
This study investigated the associations between BPA, BPF, and BPS with ADHD symptoms in children. The results showed that all bisphenols, particularly at higher levels, were associated with ADHD symptoms at age 6.
Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) has been linked to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, but the neurotoxic effects of bisphenol substitutes such as bisphenol F (BPF) and S (BPS) have not been well investigated. We investigated the associations between BPA, BPF, and BPS with ADHD symptoms at multiple time points in children. Methods: The levels of BPA (at ages 4, 6, and 8), BPF (at ages 6 and 8), and BPS (at ages 6 and 8) were measured in 619 children. Because of the low detection frequency of BPF and BPS levels, participants were divided into categories (= limit of detection (LOD) for BPF; < LOD, >= LOD and < median, or >= median for BPS). ADHD symptoms were assessed using the ADHD Rating Scale IV (ARS). The relationship between bisphenols and ARS scores was analyzed using Poisson regression models, and generalized additive models and piecewise regression models were further explored for BPA. Results: BPA was detected in most participants (>97%), whereas BPF and BPS were less frequently detected (age 6: 17.5% for BPF and 42.0% for BPS; age 8: 51.6% for BPF and 73.3% for BPS). Doubling in BPA levels was associated with increased ARS scores by 4.7% (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.5, 9.2) at age 6. The association was greater with BPA levels higher than 3.0 mu g/g creatinine (24.2% [95% CI: 15.5, 33.6] increase). The BPF >= LOD group had 10.8% (95% CI: 1.2, 21.4) higher ARS scores than the BPF < LOD group. The BPS >= median group had 11.4% (95% CI: 2.0, 21.7) higher ARS scores than the BPS < LOD group. Conclusion: All bisphenols, in particular those at or above the LOD or median levels, were associated with ADHD symptoms at age 6. Further prospective studies are warranted to determine causal inference.
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