Fire ecology for the 21st century: Conserving biodiversity in the age of megafire

Review Biodiversity Conservation

Design considerations for rapid biodiversity reconnaissance surveys and long-term monitoring to assess the impact of wildfire

Darren Southwell et al.

Summary: This article discusses the impact of the 2019-2020 fires in Australia on threatened species and considerations for emergency survey design, emphasizing the urgency and complexity of post-wildfire surveys.

DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS (2022)

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Article Biodiversity Conservation

Rapid assessment of the biodiversity impacts of the 2019-2020 Australian megafires to guide urgent management intervention and recovery and lessons for other regions

Sarah Legge et al.

Summary: This study discusses the approach taken by Australia to manage biodiversity in response to major fires, prioritizing fire-affected animal species for urgent management to prevent extinctions and facilitate long-term recovery. The assessments identified 92 vertebrate and 213 invertebrate species for urgent management response, with an additional 147 invertebrate species placed on a watchlist for further information. Multiple expert networks were utilized to quickly complete the assessments, revealing data gaps and the need for capacity-building in conservation science and management sectors.

DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS (2022)

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Article Biodiversity Conservation

Animal mortality during fire

Chris J. Jolly et al.

Summary: Rapidly warming climate is leading to more fire incidents, and there is a lack of research on animal mortality rates during fire, especially regarding the impacts of high severity fires.

GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Biodiversity Conservation

Global increase in wildfire risk due to climate-driven declines in fuel moisture

Todd M. Ellis et al.

Summary: The trend of fuel moisture indicates a significant drying trend and an increasing global wildfire activity. Even in regions where a wetting trend is observed, the increase in fuel production leads to an increase in fire activity.

GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY (2022)

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Editorial Material Biodiversity Conservation

Transcending the disaster paradigm: Understanding persistence of animal populations in fire-prone environments COMMENT

David A. Keith

Summary: The extensive high severity fire was a disaster for the swamp wallaby in question, but did not affect its population as many others were able to detect and evade the approaching fire, thus escaping its lethal heat.

GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Ecology

Walking on two legs: a pathway of Indigenous restoration and reconciliation in fire-adapted landscapes

Sarah Dickson-Hoyle et al.

Summary: Indigenous peoples are leading the revitalization of their cultures and ecosystems, calling for recognition of their rights, titles, and implementation of UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Decolonizing approaches to restoration have not received enough attention, but reconciliation cannot be complete without Indigenous-led restoration. The concept of walking on two legs seeks to balance Indigenous knowledges and western scientific knowledge in upholding an Indigenous stewardship ethic with principles of respect, reciprocity, and responsibility.

RESTORATION ECOLOGY (2022)

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Article Biodiversity Conservation

Responding to the biodiversity impacts of a megafire: A case study from south-eastern Australia's Black Summer

William L. Geary et al.

Summary: Megafires are increasing globally, posing severe impacts on biodiversity. This study outlines a framework for conservation managers to rapidly respond to megafires by quantifying impacts, initiating recovery efforts, and considering conservation options. Using the 2019/2020 megafires in Victoria, Australia as a case study, the framework uses decision support tools to identify affected species and habitats, and suggests specific conservation actions for recovery.

DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS (2022)

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Review Biodiversity Conservation

Pyrodiversity and biodiversity: A history, synthesis, and outlook

Gavin M. Jones et al.

Summary: The current research on the pyrodiversity-biodiversity hypothesis shows mixed support with no consistent patterns. Future studies should focus on exploring potential mechanisms, considering scale dependence, standardizing pyrodiversity metrics, and conducting macroecological research.

DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS (2022)

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Article Biodiversity Conservation

Fire, drought and flooding rains: The effect of climatic extremes on bird species' responses to time since fire

Jemima Connell et al.

Summary: Climatic extremes and fire have significant impacts on bird species' distributions, with most species showing a preference for mid to older post-fire vegetation. The sustained impacts of La Nina rainfall on species occurrence were observed, although threatened and declining species benefited less from high rainfall.

DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS (2022)

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Article Biodiversity Conservation

Fire and functional traits: Using functional groups of birds and plants to guide management in a fire-prone, heathy woodland ecosystem

Frederick W. Rainsford et al.

Summary: The study in the Otway Ranges, south-eastern Australia, found that bird and plant communities in heathy woodlands are influenced by the time since the last fire. Current management strategies may not fully enhance conservation of multiple taxa.

DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS (2022)

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Article Biodiversity Conservation

Fire and landscape context shape plant and butterfly diversity in a South African shrubland

Emmeline N. Topp et al.

Summary: The study aimed to understand the impact of fire history and landscape composition on butterfly diversity in a fragmented agricultural landscape. Butterfly species richness was found to be higher in areas with increased natural habitat in the surrounding landscape, while butterfly abundance decreased with increasing time since fire. Fire indirectly increased butterfly species richness and abundance by altering vegetation structure, particularly through the removal of shrubs and increased plant diversity. It is recommended to have a diversity of fire frequencies and burning areas every 10 years may benefit low-mobility butterfly species.

DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS (2022)

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Article Biodiversity Conservation

When bigger isn't better-Implications of large high-severity wildfire patches for avian diversity and community composition

Zachary L. Steel et al.

Summary: Wildfires are creating large high-severity patches far from undisturbed habitats, impacting bird communities. Community richness decreases with distance and patch size, while increasing with years since fire. Large high-severity patch interiors contain subsets, rather than complements, of edge communities, leading to shifts in avian diversity and community composition.

DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS (2022)

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Article Biodiversity Conservation

Epiphytic macrolichen communities take decades to recover after high-severity wildfire in chaparral shrublands

Jesse E. D. Miller et al.

Summary: Global fire regimes are shifting due to climate change, land management practices, and population growth, putting species at risk. After high-severity fires, lichen richness increases with time but begins to level off after 20-30 years, and many chaparral lichen taxa may be lost where fire intervals shorten to <20 years.

DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS (2022)

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Article Biodiversity Conservation

Evidence that post-fire recovery of small mammals occurs primarily via in situ survival

Susannah Hale et al.

Summary: Research shows that small mammal populations recover post-fire mainly through in situ survival rather than immigration from external unburnt areas. Key habitat elements like rocks and large trees play a role in facilitating species survival immediately following fires.

DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS (2022)

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Article Biodiversity Conservation

Intermediate fire severity diversity promotes richness of forest carnivores in California

Brett J. Furnas et al.

Summary: In Northern California, the richness of forest carnivore populations is highest in areas with intermediate fire severity diversity, while there is no association between time-since-fire diversity and carnivore richness. Moderate low severity burns are positively associated with carnivore populations.

DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS (2022)

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Article Biodiversity Conservation

Poor-quality monitoring data underestimate the impact of Australia's megafires on a critically endangered songbird

Ross Crates et al.

Summary: This study aimed to assess the impact estimates of the 2019/20 megafires on the critically endangered regent honeyeater and found that estimates based on area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, and public sightings underestimated the fire impact compared to recent, targeted monitoring data. Therefore, improving targeted monitoring of threatened species is crucial for accurately estimating the impact of major ecological disturbances.

DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS (2022)

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Article Biodiversity Conservation

Future fire regimes increase risks to obligate-seeder forests

Sarah C. McColl-Gausden et al.

Summary: Predictions show significant shifts in fire regimes for alpine ash forests in the future, with increased intensity and frequency of wildfires. About 67% of current alpine ash distribution is expected to face immature risks over a 100-year period, particularly for patches on the outskirts of the current distribution, closer to roads, or surrounded by drier landscapes at lower elevations.

DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS (2022)

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Article Biodiversity Conservation

Spatial overlap of wildfire and biodiversity in California highlights gap in non-conifer fire research and management

Kendall L. Calhoun et al.

Summary: California wildfires have primarily occurred in shrubland, conifer, hardwood, and grassland ecosystems over the past 20 years, impacting endemic species and species richness. Management and research on fire ecology in California have focused heavily on forests, neglecting the importance of non-conifer ecosystems in fire management and policies.

DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS (2022)

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Article Biodiversity Conservation

Optimizing landscape-scale monitoring programmes to detect the effects of megafires

Connor M. Wood

Summary: The study examined the statistical power of various monitoring scenarios in assessing population responses to megafires. Landscape-scale monitoring programmes can identify population changes following megafires, but may not reliably produce nuanced results.

DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS (2022)

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Article Biodiversity Conservation

Megafires attract avian scavenging but carcasses still persist

Thomas M. Newsome et al.

Summary: The 2019/2020 megafires in Australia had an impact on vertebrate scavenging dynamics, particularly influencing avian scavengers. In the post-fire period, scavengers increased their feeding times, but carcasses persisted longer compared to the second pre-fire period.

DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS (2022)

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Article Veterinary Sciences

Mortality Associated with Bushfire Smoke Inhalation in a Captive Population of the Smoky Mouse (Pseudomys fumeus), a Threatened Australian Rodent

Andrew Peters et al.

Summary: A mortality event of smoky mice was observed in a captive breeding facility in Australia due to smoke inhalation from bushfires, highlighting the potential for underdiagnosed mortalities in wildlife during bushfires. Mitigating the risk of animals dying from increased respiratory demand post-smoke inhalation injury should be considered in post-fire conservation interventions.

JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences

The 2019/2020 mega-fires exposed Australian ecosystems to an unprecedented extent of high-severity fire

Luke Collins et al.

Summary: This study found that while the wildfires in south-eastern Australia in 2019/2020 were larger in extent, they were not proportionally more severe than previous fires. High-severity fire area increased in wet-forests and less-common rainforest areas, accounting for 44% of the burnt area in 2019/2020.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2021)

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Article Biodiversity Conservation

High fire frequency and the impact of the 2019-2020 megafires on Australian plant diversity

Rachael V. Gallagher et al.

Summary: The study found that 69% of plant species in the affected area of the 2019-2020 Australian megafires had suitable habitats destroyed, including 587 endangered species. Despite many Australian plant species having self-recovery strategies, the destruction caused by the fires and future short fire intervals pose a serious threat to the recovery of at least 595 species.

DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS (2021)

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Article Biodiversity Conservation

Welcome to the Pyrocene: Animal survival in the age of megafire

Dale G. Nimmo et al.

Summary: Animals are likely to recognize the olfactory, auditory, and visual cues of fire and deploy fire avoidance behaviors to maximize survival. Intraspecific variation in fire avoidance behaviors should correspond with variation in fire behavior. Species and populations with little to no experience with fire are at enhanced risk of extinction.

GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Biodiversity Conservation

Widespread regeneration failure in forests of Greater Yellowstone under scenarios of future climate and fire

Werner Rammer et al.

Summary: Globally, changing climate and disturbance events are increasingly challenging the resilience of forest ecosystems. Regeneration failure can result from the interplay among disturbance changes, altered climate conditions, and functional traits. In the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, a substantial portion of forested area failed to regenerate, especially in areas where fires are not constrained by topography and in high-elevation forest types not adapted to fire.

GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Widespread phytoplankton blooms triggered by 2019-2020 Australian wildfires

Weiyi Tang et al.

Summary: Long-term droughts and climate-change-induced warming have led to more frequent and intense wildfires, impacting the environment and ecosystems. Aerosol emissions from fires can transport nutrients to the ocean, enhancing marine productivity. Research shows that aerosols from the 2019-2020 Australian wildfires fueled widespread phytoplankton blooms in the Southern Ocean.

NATURE (2021)

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Review Plant Sciences

Limits to post-fire vegetation recovery under climate change

Rachael H. Nolan et al.

Summary: Research suggests that while many plant communities may remain resilient to shifting fire regimes in the short-term, long-term changes in vegetation structure, demography, and species composition are likely, which will have a range of subsequent effects on ecosystem function.

PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT (2021)

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Article Ecology

Large California wildfires: 2020 fires in historical context

Jon E. Keeley et al.

Summary: By analyzing records of large fire events in California since 1860, this study places the large fires in 2020 and recent years in a historical context. The results show that extreme fire events like those in 2020 have occurred historically, but the increase in large fires in recent years is new. The study concludes that there have been several years with exceptionally large fires in the last decade, and lengthy droughts are associated with peaks in large fires in both the 1920s and the early twenty-first century.

FIRE ECOLOGY (2021)

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Article Ecology

Catastrophic Bushfires, Indigenous Fire Knowledge and Reframing Science in Southeast Australia

Michael-Shawn Fletcher et al.

Summary: The catastrophic Black Summer bushfires in 2019/2020 were the worst fire season in recorded history of Southeast Australia, highlighting the potential for Indigenous fire management as a tool to mitigate climate-driven catastrophic bushfires in the country. Collaborations between Indigenous communities and scientists are essential to inform policy and practice in managing Southeast Australian forest landscapes.

FIRE-SWITZERLAND (2021)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Connections of climate change and variability to large and extreme forest fires in southeast Australia

Nerilie J. Abram et al.

Summary: The unprecedented 2019/20 Black Summer bushfire disaster in southeast Australia was mainly caused by extreme dry climate and long-term climate trends leading to increased fire risk. Improving local and national adaptation measures while pursuing ambitious global climate change mitigation efforts are necessary to limit further increases in fire risk in southeast Australia. Multiple climate change contributors have led to an increase in fire extent and intensity over the past decades, and this trend is likely to continue into the future.

COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT (2021)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Historical and future global burned area with changing climate and human demography

Chao Wu et al.

Summary: Recent burned area has decreased, but future simulations predict an increase due to changing climate, rapid population density growth, and urbanization. Increases are especially notable at high latitudes, while urbanization limits the potential for dramatic future increases in burned area.

ONE EARTH (2021)

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Review Biodiversity Conservation

Faunal responses to fire in Australian tropical savannas: Insights from field experiments and their lessons for conservation management

Alan N. Andersen

Summary: In the vast tropical savannas of northern Australia, fire is frequent, complex, and contentious, with most faunal groups showing high resilience to fire. The key insights include the importance of indirect effects of fire through habitat modification, the significance of fire frequency over fire intensity, the presence of winners and losers with any fire, and the essential role of fire for maintaining biodiversity. Conservation management in Australian savannas should focus on changes in habitat suitability induced by fire, consider faunal outcomes at the landscape scale, and actively manage fire to promote diversity. These insights are widely applicable to tropical grassy ecosystems and fire-prone biomes.

DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS (2021)

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Letter Environmental Sciences

Unprecedented burn area of Australian mega forest fires

Matthias M. Boer et al.

NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE (2020)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Increasing concurrence of wildfire drivers tripled megafire critical danger days in Southern California between1982 and 2018

Mohammad Sadegh Khorshidi et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2020)

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Article Biology

Wildfire-Driven Forest Conversion in Western North American Landscapes

Jonathan D. Coop et al.

BIOSCIENCE (2020)

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Article Ecology

Impact of 2019-2020 mega-fires on Australian fauna habitat

Michelle Ward et al.

NATURE ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION (2020)

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Article Biodiversity Conservation

Spatial conservation action planning in heterogeneous landscapes

Jim Thomson et al.

BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION (2020)

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Editorial Material Ecology

After the Megafires: What Next for Australian Wildlife?

Brendan A. Wintle et al.

TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION (2020)

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Article Environmental Sciences

From Pleistocene to Pyrocene: Fire Replaces Ice

S. J. Pyne

EARTHS FUTURE (2020)

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Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

Fire and biodiversity in the Anthropocene

Luke T. Kelly et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Review Biology

Animal movements in fire-prone landscapes

Dale G. Nimmo et al.

BIOLOGICAL REVIEWS (2019)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Biological responses to the press and pulse of climate trends and extreme events

R. M. B. Harris et al.

NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE (2018)

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Article Biodiversity Conservation

Continent-level drivers of African pyrodiversity

Gareth P. Hempson et al.

ECOGRAPHY (2018)

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Article Ecology

The Power and the Pitfalls of Large-scale, Unreplicated Natural Experiments

Shanta C. Barley et al.

ECOSYSTEMS (2017)

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Article Biodiversity Conservation

Where do animals come from during post-fire population recovery? Implications for ecological and genetic patterns in post-fire landscapes

Sam C. Banks et al.

ECOGRAPHY (2017)

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Article Ecology

Deterministic and stochastic processes lead to divergence in plant communities 25 years after the 1988 Yellowstone fires

William H. Romme et al.

ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS (2016)

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Article Ecology

Megafires: an emerging threat to old-forest species

Gavin M. Jones et al.

FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT (2016)

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Article Ecology

The relative importance of intrinsic and extrinsic factors in the decline of obligate seeder forests

David M. J. S. Bowman et al.

GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY (2016)

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Article Forestry

Too much, too soon? A review of the effects of increasing wildfire frequency on tree mortality and regeneration in temperate eucalypt forests

Thomas A. Fairman et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE (2016)

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Article Biology

Pyrodiversity is the coupling of biodiversity and fire regimes in food webs

David M. J. S. Bowman et al.

PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (2016)

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Article Forestry

Aerial sowing stopped the loss of alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis) forests burnt by three short-interval fires in the Alpine National Park, Victoria, Australia

Owen D. Bassett et al.

FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT (2015)

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Article Ecology

Interval squeeze: altered fire regimes and demographic responses interact to threaten woody species persistence as climate changes

Neal J. Enright et al.

FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT (2015)

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Article Ecology

Temperate and boreal forest mega-fires: characteristics and challenges

Scott L. Stephens et al.

FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT (2014)

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Article Biodiversity Conservation

Six Common Mistakes in Conservation Priority Setting

Edward T. Game et al.

CONSERVATION BIOLOGY (2013)

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Editorial Material Forestry

Exploring the mega-fire reality: A 'Forest Ecology and Management' conference

Peter Attiwill et al.

FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT (2013)

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Article Biodiversity Conservation

Landscape-scale effects of fire on bird assemblages: does pyrodiversity beget biodiversity?

Rick S. Taylor et al.

DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS (2012)

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Article Ecology

Predicting the century-long post-fire responses of reptiles

Dale. G. Nimmo et al.

GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY (2012)

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Article Biodiversity Conservation

Habitat or fuel? Implications of long-term, post-fire dynamics for the development of key resources for fauna and fire

Angie Haslem et al.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY (2011)

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Article Ecology

Starting points for small mammal population recovery after wildfire: recolonisation or residual populations?

Sam C. Banks et al.

OIKOS (2011)

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Review Forestry

Effects of large fires on biodiversity in south-eastern Australia: disaster or template for diversity?

Ross A. Bradstock

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE (2008)

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Review Biodiversity Conservation

Patch mosaic burning for biodiversity conservation: a critique of the pyrodiversity paradigm

Catherine L. Parr et al.

CONSERVATION BIOLOGY (2006)

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Fire ecology for the 21st century: Conserving biodiversity in the age of megafire

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