Unraveling pharmaceuticals removal in a sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrification process: Performance, kinetics and mechanisms

The removal of eight typical pharmaceuticals (PhACs) ( i.e. , ibuprofen (IBU), ketoprofen (KET), diclofenac (DIC), sulfadiazine (SD), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), trimethoprim (TMP), ciprofloxacin (CIP) and enoxacin (ENO)) in sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrification (SdAD) process were firstly investigated via long-term operation of bioreactor coupled with batch tests. The results indicated that IBU and KET can be effectively removed (removal efficiency > 50%) compared to other six PhACs in SdAD bioreactor. Biodegradation was the primary removal route for IBU and KET with the specific biodegradation rates of 5.3 +/- 0.7 similar to 18.1 +/- 1.8 mu g g -1 -VSS d -1 at initial concentrations of 25-200 mu g/L. The biotransformation intermediates of IBU and KET were examined, and the results indicated that IBU was biotransformed to three intermediates via hydroxylation and carboxylation. KET biotransformation could be initiated from the reduction of the keto group following with a series of oxidation/reduction reactions, and five intermediates of KET were observed in this study. The microbial community composition in the system was markedly shifted when long-term exposure to PhACs. However, the functional microbes ( e.g. , genus Thiobacillus ) showed high tolerance to PhACs, resulting in the high efficiency for PhACs, N and S removal during long-term SdAD reactor operation. The findings provide better insight into PhACs removal in SdAD process, especially IBU and KET, and open up an innovative opportunity for the treatment of PhACs-laden wastewater using sulfur-mediated biological process. (c) 2022 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.

Automated summary

The removal of eight typical pharmaceuticals (PhACs) in sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrification (SdAD) process was investigated. Results showed that ibuprofen (IBU) and ketoprofen (KET) were effectively removed compared to other six PhACs. The primary removal route for IBU and KET was biodegradation. The microbial community composition in the system changed significantly under long-term exposure to PhACs, but functional microbes, such as genus Thiobacillus, showed high tolerance and maintained high removal efficiency.