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SARS-CoV-2: tracing the origin, tracking the evolution

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The Neighborhood of the Spike Gene Is a Hotspot for Modular Intertypic Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination in Coronavirus Genomes

Marios Nikolaidis et al.

Summary: Research has shown that coronaviruses have a strong ability for intergenomic recombination, where they can exchange genetic material not only within the same subgenus but also across different CoV genera, other viruses, and even hosts. These events often occur at double crossovers surrounding the Spike ORF, indicating the instability and mobility of this genomic region.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Rapid epidemic expansion of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in southern Africa

Raquel Viana et al.

Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in southern Africa has experienced three distinct waves, driven by different variants. The recently identified Omicron variant has rapidly spread in South Africa and to numerous countries, raising global concern.

NATURE (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

ACE2 binding is an ancestral and evolvable trait of sarbecoviruses

Tyler N. Starr et al.

Summary: Two different sarbecoviruses have caused major human outbreaks in the past two decades. This study traced the evolutionary history of ACE2 binding in different sarbecoviruses using high-throughput assays. ACE2 binding was found to be an ancestral trait of sarbecovirus receptor-binding domains, but has been lost in some clades. Bat sarbecoviruses from outside Asia were also found to be able to bind to ACE2. The results highlight the deep ancestral origin and evolutionary plasticity of ACE2 binding in sarbecoviruses.

NATURE (2022)

Review Virology

The Remarkable Evolutionary Plasticity of Coronaviruses by Mutation and Recombination: Insights for the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Future Evolutionary Paths of SARS-CoV-2

Grigorios D. Amoutzias et al.

Summary: This review discusses the evolution of the coronavirus subfamily and its importance for human and animal health. The impact of point mutations, insertions/deletions, and recombination events on the evolution of coronaviruses is highlighted. The potential direction for the development of next-generation vaccines and the future evolutionary path of SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 pandemic are also discussed.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2022)

Article Virology

Synonymous mutations and the molecular evolution of SARS-CoV-2 origins

Hongru Wang et al.

Summary: This study analyzed the synonymous divergence between SARS-CoV-2 and related strains, finding that the divergence between bat-derived viruses and SARS-CoV-2 is larger in the RBD compared to GD410721. This supports the hypothesis of recombination between the strains.

VIRUS EVOLUTION (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Phylogenetic and Ancestral Sequence Reconstruction of SARS-CoV-2 Reveals Latent Capacity to Bind Human ACE2 Receptor

Erin Brintnell et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 is believed to have evolved from a common ancestral virus with a bat virus RaTG13 prior to 2013, possessing high binding affinity to the human ACE2 receptor, indicating a latent capacity to infect human cells. This highlights the importance of cataloging and monitoring circulating viruses in human and non-human populations.

JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Beyond Omicron: what’s next for COVID’s viral evolution

Ewen Callaway

NATURE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Where did ‘weird’ Omicron come from?

Kai Kupferschmidt

SCIENCE (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Natural selection in the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in bats created a generalist virus and highly capable human pathogen

Oscar A. MacLean et al.

Summary: The study suggests that SARS-CoV-2 has undergone limited significant adaptation to humans, with evidence of moderate positive selection concentrated in the early phases of the pandemic. In contrast, bat Sarbecoviruses show evidence of significant positive selection and an adaptive depletion in CpG composition. This indicates that the progenitor of SARS-CoV-2 likely acquired efficient human-human transmission capabilities through evolutionary history in bats, leading to the emergence of a relatively generalist virus.

PLOS BIOLOGY (2021)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

On the origin and evolution of SARS-CoV-2

Devika Singh et al.

Summary: The genome evolution of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has played a crucial role in the development of COVID-19, with evidence of ancestral recombination events and natural selection. The spike protein of the virus shows significant signs of evolutionary processes, facilitating its spillover from other animals to humans. The global spread of SARS-CoV-2 has increased mutational variability in its genome, potentially leading to future recombination events.

EXPERIMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2021)

Article Cell Biology

Functional comparison of SARS-CoV-2 with closely related pangolin and bat coronaviruses

Jianhui Nie et al.

Summary: The infectivity and antigenicity patterns of SARS-CoV-2, pangolin coronaviruses, and bat RaTG13 differ, with pangolin coronaviruses showing infectivity towards porcine cells potentially linked to an amino acid difference at the 498 position of the spike protein. SARS-CoV-2 infection is mediated by Furin and TMPRSS2, while pangolin coronaviruses rely on Cathepsin L. Extensive cross-neutralization was observed between SARS-CoV-2 and PCoV-GD, whereas minimal cross-neutralization was found with PCoV-GX.

CELL DISCOVERY (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Identification of novel bat coronaviruses sheds light on the evolutionary origins of SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses

Hong Zhou et al.

Summary: A study in Yunnan province, China, found the existence of bat coronaviruses related to both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, with RpYN06 virus being the closest relative of SARS-CoV-2. Ecological modeling predicted the co-existence of up to 23 Rhinolophus bat species, with the largest hot-spots extending from South Laos and Vietnam to southern China. The study highlights the remarkable diversity of bat coronaviruses at the local scale.
Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The origins of SARS-CoV-2: A critical review

Edward C. Holmes et al.

Summary: This article critically reviews the current scientific evidence to help clarify the origin of SARS-CoV-2. Recent debate has centered around two competing ideas: a laboratory escape scenario and zoonotic emergence.
Editorial Material Multidisciplinary Sciences

The animal origin of SARS-CoV-2

Spyros Lytras et al.

SCIENCE (2021)

Review Virology

Evolutionary trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants

Jalen Singh et al.

Summary: This review examines the origins of all known human coronaviruses, the evolutionary trajectory of SARS-CoV-2, and the emerging mutations within SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern. It also highlights the impact of these mutations on virus transmission, pathogenicity, and neutralization by natural or vaccine-mediated immunity.

VIROLOGY JOURNAL (2021)

Article Virology

Dating the Common Ancestor from an NCBI Tree of 83688 High-Quality and Full-Length SARS-CoV-2 Genomes

Xuhua Xia

Summary: Dating studies for SARS-CoV-2 using a large phylogenetic tree with over 86,000 genomes revealed that the most recent common ancestor was dated to August 16, 2019, with an estimated evolutionary rate of 0.05526 mutations/genome/day. The Pearson correlation coefficient between root-to-tip distance and collection time was 0.86295, indicating a strong correlation.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2021)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Clinical evidence that the pandemic from 1889 to 1891 commonly called the Russian flu might have been an earlier coronavirus pandemic

Harald Brussow et al.

Summary: Medical reports from late 19th century Britain and Germany on patients with the 1889-1891 Russian flu show similarities with COVID-19, such as multisystem affections, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological symptoms, and a protracted recovery. Mortality was higher in elderly subjects, while children were less affected. Trans-species infection between pet animals or horses and humans was also noted, possibly linked to a broad host range bovine coronavirus around 1890.

MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY (2021)

Article Immunology

A novel SARS-CoV-2 related coronavirus with complex recombination isolated from bats in Yunnan province, China

Li-li Li et al.

Summary: A new SARS-CoV-2 related virus, provisionally named PrC31, was discovered in bat samples from Yunnan province, China. This virus showed high nucleotide identities to SARS-CoV-2 and a common ancestor with it in evolutionary history. Recombination analysis revealed multiple complex recombination events in PrC31 involving SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 sub-lineages.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2021)

Article Virology

Synonymous mutations and the molecular evolution of SARS-CoV-2 origins

Hongru Wang et al.

Summary: Human SARS-CoV-2 is genetically closer to bat-derived viruses than pangolin-derived strains, supporting the recombination hypothesis. However, the high synonymous divergence between pangolin strain and SARS-CoV-2 suggests a recombination event into bat-derived viruses. Additionally, there is a significant increase in nonsynonymous mutations in current pandemic strains, indicating a negative impact on viral fitness.

VIRUS EVOLUTION (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin

Peng Zhou et al.

NATURE (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Rare driver mutations in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas converge on NOTCH signaling

Sampath K. Loganathan et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

Letter Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Animal-to-Human Viral Transitions: Is SARS-CoV-2 an Evolutionary Successful One?

Konstantinos Voskarides

JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION (2020)

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Isolation of SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus from Malayan pangolins

Kangpeng Xiao et al.

NATURE (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Identifying SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins

Tommy Tsan-Yuk Lam et al.

NATURE (2020)

Letter Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2

Kristian G. Andersen et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2020)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Nextstrain: real-time tracking of pathogen evolution

James Hadfield et al.

BIOINFORMATICS (2018)

Review Genetics & Heredity

The phylogenomics of evolving virus virulence

Jemma L. Geoghegan et al.

NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS (2018)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Direct evidence of extensive diversity of HIV-1 in Kinshasa by 1960

Michael Worobey et al.

NATURE (2008)

Article Biology

The origins of acquired immune deficiency syndrome viruses: where and when?

PM Sharp et al.

PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (2001)