Prognostic biomarker SGSM1 and its correlation with immune infiltration in gliomas

Objective Glioma was the most common type of intracranial malignant tumor. Even after standard treatment, the recurrence and malignant progression of lower-grade gliomas (LGGs) were almost inevitable. The overall survival (OS) of patients with LGG varied widely, making it critical for prognostic prediction. Small G Protein Signaling Modulator 1 (SGSM1) has hardly been studied in gliomas. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the prognostic role of SGSM1 and its relationship with immune infiltration in LGGs. Methods We obtained RNA sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to analyze SGSM1 expression. Functional enrichment analyses, immune infiltration analyses, immune checkpoint analyses, and clinicopathology analyses were performed. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to identify independent prognostic factors. And nomogram model has been developed. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and log-rank test were used to estimate the relationship between OS and SGSM1 expression. The survival analyses and Cox regression were validated in datasets from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA). Results SGSM1 was significantly down-regulated in LGGs. Functional enrichment analyses revealed SGSM1 was correlated with immune response. Most immune cells and immune checkpoints were negatively correlated with SGSM1 expression. The Kaplan-Meier analyses showed that low SGSM1 expression was associated with a poor outcome in LGG and its subtypes. The Cox regression showed SGSM1 was an independent prognostic factor in patients with LGG (HR = 0.494, 95%CI = 0.311-0.784, P = 0.003). Conclusion SGSM1 was considered to be a new prognostic biomarker for patients with LGG. And our study provided a potential therapeutic target for LGG treatment.

Automated summary

The study indicated that SGSM1 was significantly down-regulated in lower-grade gliomas (LGGs), and functional enrichment analysis showed its correlation with immune response. Most immune cells and immune checkpoints were negatively correlated with SGSM1 expression. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that low SGSM1 expression was associated with poor outcomes in LGG and its subtypes. Cox regression analysis identified SGSM1 as an independent prognostic factor for patients with LGG.