4.6 Review

Non-genetic influences on lipoprotein(a) concentrations

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Review Hematology

Lipoprotein(a): A Genetically Determined, Causal, and Prevalent Risk Factor for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Gissette Reyes-Soffer et al.

Summary: High levels of Lp(a) are an independent and causal risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Genetic factors determine 70% to 90% of interindividual heterogeneity in Lp(a) levels. There is a lack of standardized assays, diagnostic guidelines, and targeted treatments for lowering Lp(a). Understanding the genetic and biological basis for variation in Lp(a) levels in different populations is crucial.

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY (2022)

Review Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Recent advances in demystifying the metabolism of lipoprotein(a)

Kevin Chemello et al.

Summary: This manuscript comprehensively reviews the complexities of Lp(a) metabolism, including apo(a) biosynthesis in hepatocytes, Lp(a) assembly, and Lp(a) plasma clearance and catabolism. The exact role of the LDL receptor in mediating Lp(a) cellular uptake is discussed, as well as the divergent effects of statins and proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 inhibitors in modulating Lp(a) plasma concentrations. The authors provide new insights into the physiology and pathophysiology of Lp(a) metabolism from human kinetic studies in the context of contemporary molecular and cell biological investigations.

ATHEROSCLEROSIS (2022)

Review Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Lipoprotein(a): An underestimated inflammatory mastermind

Kim E. Dzobo et al.

Summary: Lp(a) is established as an independent and causal risk factor for cardiovascular disease, associated with arterial wall inflammation, aortic valve stenosis, and systemic inflammation.

ATHEROSCLEROSIS (2022)

Review Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Lipoprotein(a) beyond the kringle IV repeat polymorphism: The complexity of genetic variation in the LPA gene

Stefan Coassin et al.

Summary: High lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] concentrations are an important genetically determined risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Lp(a) concentrations are controlled by a single gene (LPA) with complex genetic elements and surprising effects. The genetic architecture of Lp(a) concentrations involves a hypervariable coding copy number variation, functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), SNP-SNP interactions, and other polymorphisms. Understanding the genetics of Lp(a) may provide insights into its metabolism and potential interventions.

ATHEROSCLEROSIS (2022)

Review Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Oxidized phospholipid modification of lipoprotein(a): Epidemiology, biochemistry and pathophysiology

Marlys L. Koschinsky et al.

Summary: Oxidized phospholipids (OxPL) play a crucial role in the pro-atherosclerotic effects of oxidized lipoproteins, particularly in the pathogenesis of lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)). The OxPL on Lp(a) account for numerous harmful effects on various cells and their receptors, intracellular signaling pathways, and gene and protein expression. Despite being present at lower concentrations than LDL, the OxPL modification may explain why Lp(a) is such a potent risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

ATHEROSCLEROSIS (2022)

Review Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Lipoprotein (a) and diabetes mellitus

Claudia Lamina et al.

Summary: Lp(a) and diabetes are both established risk factors for cardiovascular disease, but studies have found an inverse association between Lp(a) and diabetes risk. The causal relationship and potential mechanisms behind this association are still unclear. Mendelian Randomisation studies have produced heterogeneous results. This review aims to clarify the contradictory findings and summarize the role of Lp(a) in patients with diabetes.

ATHEROSCLEROSIS (2022)

Review Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Lipoprotein(a) measurement issues: Are we making a mountain out of a molehill?

Florian Kronenberg

Summary: Measuring Lp(a) poses challenges due to the complex structure of its main protein component. Despite the difficulties in measurement, improving measurement standards is crucial for enhancing patient risk assessment.

ATHEROSCLEROSIS (2022)

Review Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Lipoprotein(a) and cardiovascular and valvular diseases: A genetic epidemiological perspective

Benoit J. Arsenault et al.

Summary: The rates of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have significantly decreased in the Western world over the past 50 years. However, a significant proportion of high-risk patients still experience heart attacks, strokes, and valvular heart diseases. Lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) has been identified as a critical component of this residual risk and is strongly associated with a range of cardiovascular and valvular heart diseases. Up to 1 billion people globally may be at high risk due to their Lp(a) levels.

ATHEROSCLEROSIS (2022)

Article Cell Biology

Growth hormone replacement may influence the biological action of thyroid hormone on liver and bone tissue

Nigel Glynn et al.

Summary: The GH replacement therapy can impact thyroid hormone action, resulting in a decrease in free T4 concentration, an increase in free T3 concentration, and an increase in the T3:T4 ratio. Additionally, alterations in the thyroid axis due to GH replacement therapy are associated with fluctuations in bone turnover markers.

GROWTH HORMONE & IGF RESEARCH (2021)

Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Association of sex-specific differences in lipoprotein(a) concentrations with cardiovascular mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Marcello Ricardo Paulista Markus et al.

Summary: Compared to individuals without type 2 diabetes mellitus, women with type 2 diabetes mellitus have a higher relative increase in cardiovascular mortality than men. In participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus, there is a significant difference in cardiovascular mortality risk between men and women after adjustment for lipoprotein(a) concentrations.

CARDIOVASCULAR DIABETOLOGY (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Significantly higher atherosclerosis risks in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Samshol Sukahri et al.

Summary: The study revealed a high prevalence of NAFLD in patients with OSA, with significant associations between the degree of steatosis in NAFLD, severity of OSA, CIMT measurements, ICAM-1, and Lp(a). Screening for NAFLD in patients with OSA is important for risk management.

PLOS ONE (2021)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Thyroid Hormone Analogues: An Update

Riccardo Zucchi

THYROID (2020)

Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Serum lipoprotein(a) levels and insulin resistance have opposite effects on fatty liver disease

Inha Jung et al.

ATHEROSCLEROSIS (2020)

Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Treatment of Thyroid Dysfunction and Serum Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Anupam Kotwal et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2020)

Article Hematology

Genetic Factors Explain a Major Fraction of the 50% Lower Lipoprotein(a) Concentrations in Finns

Gertraud Erhart et al.

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY (2018)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The role of lipoprotein (a) in chronic kidney disease

Jemma C. Hopewell et al.

JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH (2018)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Effects of Thyrotropin on Peripheral Thyroid Hormone Metabolism and Serum Lipids

Carolien M. Beukhof et al.

THYROID (2018)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Worsening of Serum Lipid Profile after Direct Acting Antiviral Treatment

Stefano Gitto et al.

ANNALS OF HEPATOLOGY (2018)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Lipoprotein (a): impact by ethnicity and environmental and medical conditions

Byambaa Enkhmaa et al.

JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH (2016)

Article Medical Laboratory Technology

Association between lipoprotein(a) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among Korean adults

Ji Sun Nam et al.

CLINICA CHIMICA ACTA (2016)

Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Lipoprotein(a): Fasting and nonfasting levels, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk

Anne Langsted et al.

ATHEROSCLEROSIS (2014)

Review Urology & Nephrology

Causes and consequences of lipoprotein(a) abnormalities in kidney disease

Florian Kronenberg

CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL NEPHROLOGY (2014)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Thyroid hormone reduces PCSK9 and stimulates bile acid synthesis in humans

Ylva Bonde et al.

JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH (2014)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Risk stratification of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia in a multi-ethnic cohort

Matthew D. Allard et al.

LIPIDS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE (2014)

Article Medical Laboratory Technology

Determinants of blood levels of some thrombogenic biomarkers in healthy Arab adolescent subjects

Abayomi O. Akanji et al.

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AND LABORATORY MEDICINE (2011)

Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Lipoprotein(a) concentration does not differ between sexes in healthy offspring of patients with premature myocardial infarction

Silvia Barra et al.

JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE (2011)

Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Lipoprotein(a), Inflammation, and Peripheral Arterial Disease in a Community-Based Sample of Older Men and Women (the InCHIANTI Study)

Stefano Volpato et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY (2010)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Changes in lipoprotein(a), oxidized phospholipids, and LDL subclasses with a low-fat high-carbohydrate diet

Nastaran Faghihnia et al.

JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH (2010)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Use of the Thyroid Hormone Analogue Eprotirome in Statin-Treated Dyslipidemia

Paul W. Ladenson et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2010)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The role of oxidized phospholipids in mediating lipoprotein(a) atherogenicity

Sotirios Tsimikas et al.

CURRENT OPINION IN LIPIDOLOGY (2008)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A novel function of lipoprotein [a] as a preferential carrier of oxidized phospholipids in human plasma

Claes Bergmark et al.

JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH (2008)

Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Lipoprotein(a), hormone replacement therapy, and risk of future cardiovascular events

Jacqueline Suk Danik et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY (2008)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Increased plasma apoM levels in the patients suffered from hepatocellular carcinoma and other chronic liver diseases

Jingting Jiang et al.

LIPIDS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE (2008)

Article Urology & Nephrology

Effects of renal replacement therapy on plasma lipoprotein(a) levels

Sylvia Rosas et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NEPHROLOGY (2008)

Article Urology & Nephrology

In vivo turnover study demonstrates diminished clearance of lipoprotein(a) in hemodialysis patients

M. E. Frischmann et al.

KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL (2007)

Article Medical Laboratory Technology

Cholesterol profile measurement by vertical auto profile method

Krishnaji R. Kulkarni

CLINICS IN LABORATORY MEDICINE (2006)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Endogenous sex hormones and risk factors for atherosclerosis in healthy Greek postmenopausal women

Irene Lambrinoudaki et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (2006)

Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Meta-analysis: effect of hormone-replacement therapy on components of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women

S. R. Salpeter et al.

DIABETES OBESITY & METABOLISM (2006)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids - Results of the OmniHeart randomized trial

LJ Appel et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2005)

Article Urology & Nephrology

Factors associated with lipoprotein(a) in chronic kidney disease

K Uhlig et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF KIDNEY DISEASES (2005)

Article Hematology

Changes in dietary fat intake alter plasma levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and lipoprotein(a)

ML Silaste et al.

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY (2004)

Article Urology & Nephrology

The apolipoprotein(a) size polymorphism is associated with nephrotic syndrome

F Kronenberg et al.

KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL (2004)

Article Sport Sciences

Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids on apolipoproteins and lipoprotein (a)

F Hartgens et al.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE (2004)

Article Obstetrics & Gynecology

The association of androgenic sex steroids with serum lipid levels in postmenopausal women

V Noyan et al.

ACTA OBSTETRICIA ET GYNECOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA (2004)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Apolipoprotein(a) isoform-specific changes of lipoprotein(a) after kidney transplantation

F Kronenberg et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS (2003)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins levels in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

M Koruk et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY (2003)