Radiation induced defects in graphite

The Raman intensity ratio I-D/I-G for: (a) graphite-rich pencil rods irradiated using x-ray doses up to 20 Gy; (b) a restricted view of the I-D/I-G response for the same group of media, limited to x-ray doses of no more than 6 Gy; (c1 and c2) an extended group of graphite-rich media irradiated using Co-60 gamma-rays; (d) a restricted view of the I-D/I-G response for a restricted group of the media shown in (c), with Co-60 gamma-ray doses limited to no more than 20 Gy; (e) 2B graphite-rich pencil rods irradiated using 6 MeV electrons, and: (f) irradiation of a subset of the media by thermal (0.025 eV) neutrons. The fluctuation of I-D/I-G with dose for carbon-rich human hair of nominal diameter 60 mu m is indicated by the dashed line in (c) and (d). The values in parentheses indicate the percentage carbon content and the surface area-to-volume ratio of samples. The data are a re-organisation of that included in the studies of Abdul Sani et al. (2020, Bradley et al. (2019, 2021), Mat Nawi et al. (2021a,b), and Lam et al. (2021) such as to illustrate three prime dependencies, viz. surface to volume ratio, carbon content, and linear energy transfer, LET. (g) and (h) are combination graphs as indicated in the key to each.

Automated summary

This article investigates the irradiation of graphite-rich media using different radiation doses and types, and analyzes the changes in parameters such as Raman intensity ratio, carbon content, and surface area-to-volume ratio.