期刊
APPLIED ENERGY
卷 312, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118676
关键词
Electric vehicles; Smart charging; Time series; Sector coupling; stochastic demand simulation
资金
- Horizon 2020 Project ECEMF [101022622]
- Enel Foundation
The integration of electric vehicles into the power system is important for the European energy transition. Differences in mobility and charging patterns exist across European countries due to weather and socio-economic factors. Uncontrolled deployment of electric vehicles would significantly increase peak demand, but smart charging strategies can limit this increase. Technological and infrastructure developments do not provide substantial benefits.
The mass-scale integration of electric vehicles into the power system is a key pillar of the European energy transition agenda. Yet, the extent to which such integration would represent a burden for the power system of each member country is still an unanswered question. This is mainly due to a lack of accurate and context specific representations of aggregate mobility and charging patterns for large electric vehicle fleets. Here, we develop and validate against empirical data an open-source model that simulates such patterns at high (1-min) temporal resolution, based on easy-to-gather, openly accessible data. We hence apply the model - which we name RAMP-mobility - to 28 European countries, showing for the first time the existence of marked differences in mobility and charging patterns across those, due to a combination of weather and socio-economic factors. We hence quantify the impact that fully-electric car fleets would have on the demand to be met by each country's power system: an uncontrolled deployment of electric vehicles would increase peak demand in the range 35-51%, whilst a plausible share of adoption of smart charging strategies could limit the increase to 30- 41%. On the contrary, plausible technology (battery density) and infrastructure (charging power) developments would not provide substantial benefits. Efforts for electric vehicles integration should hence primarily focus on mechanisms to support smart vehicle-to-grid interaction. The approach is applicable generally beyond Europe and can provide policy makers with quantitatively reliable insights about electric vehicles impact on the power system.
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