The why and how of sunken stomata: does the behaviour of encrypted stomata and the leaf cuticle matter?

Background Stomatal pores in many species are separated from the atmosphere by different anatomical obstacles produced by leaf epidermal cells, especially by sunken stomatal crypts, stomatal antechambers and/or hairs (trichomes). The evolutionary driving forces leading to sunken or 'hidden' stomata whose antechambers are filled with hairs or waxy plugs are not fully understood. The available hypothetical explanations are based mainly on mathematical modelling of water and CO2 diffusion through superficial vs. sunken stomata, and studies of comparative autecology. A better understanding of this phenomenon may result from examining the interactions between the leaf cuticle and stomata and from functional comparisons of sunken vs. superficially positioned stomata, especially when transpiration is low, for example at night or during severe drought. Scope I review recent ideas as to why stomata are hidden and test experimentally whether hidden stomata may behave differently from those not covered by epidermal structures and so are coupled more closely to the atmosphere. I also quantify the contribution of stomatal vs. cuticular transpiration at night using four species with sunken stomata and three species with superficial stomata. Conclusions Partitioning of leaf conductance in darkness (g(tw)) into stomatal and cuticular contributions revealed that stomatal conductance dominated g(tw) across all seven investigated species with antechambers with different degrees of prominence. Hidden stomata contributed, on average, less to g(tw) (approx. 70 %) than superficial stomata (approx. 80 %) and reduced their contribution dramatically with increasing g(tw). In contrast, species with superficial stomata kept their proportion in g(tw) invariant across a broad range of g(tw). Mechanisms behind the specific behaviour of hidden stomata and the multipurpose origin of sunken stomata are discussed.

Automated summary

This study investigates the contribution of hidden stomata and superficial stomata to transpiration at night. The results show that hidden stomata contribute less to total transpiration and their contribution decreases significantly with increasing transpiration, while superficial stomata maintain a consistent contribution across a wide range of transpiration. The specific behavior of hidden stomata and the evolutionary origin of sunken stomata are discussed.