Advances in SnO2 for Efficient and Stable n-i-p Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on the regular n-i-p device architecture have reached above 25% certified efficiency with continuously reported improvements in recent years. A key common factor for these recent breakthroughs is the development of SnO2 as an effective electron transport layer in these devices. In this article, the key advances in SnO2 development are reviewed, including various deposition approaches and surface treatment strategies, to enhance the bulk and interface properties of SnO2 for highly efficient and stable n-i-p PSCs. In addition, the general materials chemistry associated with SnO2 along with the corresponding materials challenges and improvement strategies are discussed, focusing on defects, intrinsic properties, and impact on device characteristics. Finally, some SnO2 implementations related to scalable processes and flexible devices are highlighted, and perspectives on the future development of efficient and stable large-scale perovskite solar modules are also provided.

Automated summary

This article reviews the key advancements in SnO2 development for perovskite solar cells, including different deposition methods and surface treatment strategies to enhance its performance. The general materials chemistry of SnO2 and the associated challenges and improvement strategies are discussed, with a focus on its impact on device characteristics. The article also highlights the applications of SnO2 in scalable processes and flexible devices, and provides perspectives on the future development of large-scale perovskite solar modules.