Application of Cl/Br ratio to demarcate the fresh-saline water interface in coastal aquifers of northern Tamilnadu, Southern India

Geochemical parameters, chloride and bromide were used as tracers to demarcate the extent of saline water intrusion in the northern part of Tamilnadu coastal aquifer which served as a hub for major pumping well fields for supply of drinking water to Chennai city. 158 groundwater samples were collected during pre & post monsoon period to analyse the hydrochemical variations across this temporal stretch and two major water types were interpreted from the analytical data. During pre-monsoon period, Na-Cl is dominant followed by Na-HCO3 type and during post monsoon, the groundwater in the central and eastern part shift towards Na-HCO3 type from Na-Cl type. Bromide is absent in the freshwater samples, while the mixed water samples have varying bromide concentrations. In the study area, Br concentration in groundwater ranged from 0 to 22.1 mg/l while the seawater sample had Br concentration of 63 mg/l. The Cl/Br ratios of groundwater of the study area ranged from 0.01 to 188 while that of the seawater figured at 288. The groundwater of the eastern and north-eastern portion of the study area has Cl/Br ratio between 75 and 188 and this value has a similar signature to that of seawater. The continental part of the study area has Cl/Br ratio less than 50 which corresponds to that of the intermittent zone between the seawater and rainwater. Spatial distribution of Cl/Br ratio and their variation across distance from the coast indicate the remnants of seawater in the aquifer material upto 19-20 km inland and the ratio tends to decrease beyond 20 km distance. The study explores the applicability of the Cl/Br ratios for defining the extent and movement of he freshwater-saline water interface in a coastal region, which can be used by the water managers, administrators and planners for effective management and protection of available groundwater resources.

Automated summary

Groundwater samples from the northern coastal aquifer in Tamilnadu were analyzed to study the hydrochemical variations during pre and post monsoon periods. Different ratios of bromide and chloride ions were found in groundwater from different locations, indicating the presence of saline water remnants and freshwater-saline water interface movement in the aquifer.