期刊
JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
卷 121, 期 5, 页码 1079-1094出版社
AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC
DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000366
关键词
HEXACO personality traits; life experiences; cross-national twin study; life span; heritability
资金
- German Research Foundation [KA-4088/2-1, KA-4088/2-2]
- Wellcome Trust
- Medical Research Council
- European Union
- United Kingdom National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)
- University of Zagreb, Croatia
- European Research Council Grant [(ERC)] [StG-2015 680002-HBIS]
- Academy of Finland [274521, 319493, 284385]
- Chronic Disease Research Foundation (CDRF)
- Zoe Global Ltd
- Academy of Finland (AKA) [319493, 319493] Funding Source: Academy of Finland (AKA)
Research has shown that heritability of personality traits is not fixed, but decreases across the lifespan. The study combined data from four twin samples and found that genetic variance in certain personality traits follows a reversed U-shaped pattern, while the relative importance of life experiences contributing to personality differences increases with age. The findings suggest complex interactions between genes and the environment.
Decades of research have shown that about half of individual differences in personality traits is heritable. Recent studies have reported that heritability is not fixed, but instead decreases across the life span. However, findings are inconsistent and it is yet unclear whether these trends are because of a waning importance of heritable tendencies, attributable to cumulative experiential influences with age, or because of nonlinear patterns suggesting Gene x Environment interplay. We combined four twin samples (N = 7,026) from Croatia, Finland, Germany, and the United Kingdom, and we examined age trends in genetic and environmental variance in the six HEXACO personality traits: Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness. The cross-national sample ranges in age from 14 to 90 years, allowing analyses of linear and nonlinear age differences in genetic and environmental components of trait variance, after controlling for gender and national differences. The amount of genetic variance in Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Openness followed a reversed U-shaped pattern across age, showed a declining trend for Honesty-Humility and Conscientiousness, and was stable for Emotionality. For most traits, findings provided evidence for an increasing relative importance of life experiences contributing to personality differences across the life span. The findings are discussed against the background of Gene x Environment transactions and interactions.
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