期刊
LIFE-BASEL
卷 11, 期 11, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/life11111179
关键词
paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas; head and neck paragangliomas; malignancy; diagnostic and prognostic markers
资金
- Russian Science Foundation [19-15-00419]
- Russian Science Foundation [19-15-00419] Funding Source: Russian Science Foundation
Paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors with potential for metastasis. Challenges in diagnosis and treatment remain, but research on predictors of malignancy risk could lead to more effective strategies.
Paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas (PPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors originating from paraganglionic tissue in many sites of the body. Most PPGLs are characterized by nonaggressive behavior but all of them have the potential to metastasize. PPGLs represent a great diagnostic dilemma as it is difficult to recognize tumors that are likely to be metastasizing; criteria of malignancy can be found both in benign and metastatic forms. This review aims to analyze the current knowledge of the nature of metastasizing PPGLs paying particular attention to head and neck paragangliomas (HNPGLs). Potential predictors of the malignancy risk for PPGLs were summarized and discussed. These data may also help in the development of diagnostic and prognostic strategies, as well as in the identification of novel potential therapeutic targets for patients with PPGLs.
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