White-Tailed Eagles' (Haliaeetus albicilla) Exposure to Anticoagulant Rodenticides and Causes of Poisoning in Poland (2018-2020)

The white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) is strictly protected in Poland due to its threat of extinction. This study's main goal was to assess their exposure to indirect poisoning by anticoagulant rodenticides (AR). This study presents the investigation results of 40 white-tailed eagles' suspected poisoning cases in the years 2018-2020 in Poland. In all tested liver samples, using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method, at least one of the AR (bromadiolone, brodifacoum, difenacoum, flocoumafen) was detected and confirmed. The other tested AR compounds (chlorophacinone, coumachlor, coumatetralyl, difethialone, diphacinone, warfarin) were not detected. The mean concentration of the sum of rodenticides was 174.4 mu g/kg (from 2.5 to 1225.0 mu g/kg). In 20 cases, the sum concentration was above 100 mu g/kg and in 10 cases it was above 200 mu g/kg. Interpretation of cases of AR poisonings should take into account their concentration in the liver, anatomopathological lesions, circumstances of death/finding of the animal, and elimination of other possible causes of poisoning. Based on this study, AR was the direct cause of death in 10% of incidents. Extensive use of rodenticides generates a high risk of poisonings of white-tailed eagles in Poland.

Automated summary

This study investigated suspected poisoning cases of white-tailed eagles in Poland and found at least one anticoagulant rodenticide in their liver samples. The extensive use of rodenticides poses a high risk to white-tailed eagles in Poland.