Making a Virtue of Necessity: The Use of Wild Edible Plant Species (Also Toxic) in Bread Making in Times of Famine According to Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti (1766)

Simple Summary In 1766, while working for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti listed several plant species that could be used, in times of famine, to increase vegetable mass in bread making. In his text the author cites over 340 vernacular names. We carried out a research work on contemporary and modern bibliographic sources to match them with a binomial name leading to the current nomenclature. In our research we have thus been able to obtain the first alimurgic flora drawn up by Targioni Tozzetti himself and made a comparison with our AlimurgITA database of wild edible plants used in Italy. Furthermore, the author identified eight toxic plants that were useful for increasing the mass of bread dough, indicating how to eliminate poisonous substances. We treat them in detail, examining their current and past use, their geographical distribution in Italy, and their possible toxicity. We hope this contribution can stimulate curiosity in the use of wild edible species, even for the ones neglected today because of their unpleasant taste or more complicated use due to their toxicity. In 1766, the agricultural scientist Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti described for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the wild and cultivated plant species that could be used, in times of famine, to increase the quantity of flour or vegetable mass in bread making. These wild plants can be defined as wild edible plants (WEPs) or alimurgic species, a concept usually traced back to Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti himself. The 342 plant names mentioned in the text are in the Tuscan vernacular, so a research work was done on bibliographic sources from the 1800s in order to match them with their current nomenclature. This process led to an alimurgic flora repertoire based on the writing of Targioni Tozzetti; and a comparison with our AlimurgITA database of 1103 wild edible plants used in Italy. It is particularly interesting that in his short treatise, Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti identified eight toxic plants (corresponding to 14 species), indicating how to eliminate the poisonous substances from their useful roots. We treat them in detail, examining their current and past use, their geographical distribution in Italy, and their eventual toxicity. We obtained 343 matches, of which 198 were reliable (certain matches) and 145 possessed some degree of uncertainty (due to generic or collective vernacular names). Among the 198 certain identifications, 140 species are present in the AlimurgITA database (92 mentioned for Tuscany) and 58 are not; for bread-making there are only documentary traces of 53 species for Italy and 7 for Tuscany. Moreover, among the total 198 species, 84 showed some degree of hazard. Researching edible toxic spontaneous species allows: (1) investigation, from an unusual perspective, of a historical period in which the poor conditions of some social strata led to finding unusual solutions to food provision; (2) idea generation to re-enable potentially useful WEPs whose use has been lost. Making a virtue of necessity!

Automated summary

In 1766, Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti described wild and cultivated plant species that could be used during famine to increase flour or vegetable mass in bread making for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. By researching and matching vernacular names with current nomenclature, an alimurgic flora repertoire based on his work was created and compared with the AlimurgITA database of wild edible plants used in Italy. Additionally, toxic plants useful for bread making were identified and their toxicity, past and current usage, and geographical distribution in Italy were examined.