Comparative Pathogenicity of Aeromonas spp. in Cultured Red Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. mossambicus)

Simple Summary: Recently, there has been an emergence of a hypervirulent pathotype of Aeromonas hydrophila, vAh strain. The strain was responsible for the acute mass mortalities among catfish in the USA. One of the unique abilities of the vAh strain is to utilize myo-inositol as a sole carbon source and this ability has been linked to contribute to its virulence. Therefore, the present study was carried out to screen and assess the virulence of myo-inositol-utilizing strains among Aeromonas spp. in Malaysia. Out of the 124 Aeromonas isolates screened, only A. dhakensis strain 1P11S3 was able to utilize myo-inositol as a sole carbon source. The only myo-inositol-utilizing strain was compared with five non-myo-inositol-utilizing Aeromonas spp. in an experimental challenge test using red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus x O. niloticus). Our findings demonstrated that the most virulent strains were A. dhakensis strain 4PS2 and A. hydrophila strain 8TK3, followed by A. dhakensis strain 1P11S3 (the only myo-inositol-utilizing strain), A. veronii strain 6TS5, A. caviae strain 7X11 and the least virulent strain was A. jandaei strain 7KL3 under current disease model. Therefore, more data are needed to assess the influence of myo-inositol utilizing ability on the pathogenesis of Aeromonas spp. The genus Aeromonas has been recognised as an important pathogenic species in aquaculture that causes motile Aeromonas septicaemia (MAS) or less severe, chronic infections. This study compares the pathogenicity of the different Aeromonas spp. that were previously isolated from freshwater fish with signs of MAS. A total of 124 isolates of Aeromonas spp. were initially screened for the ability to grow on M9 agar with myo-inositol as a sole carbon source, which is a discriminatory phenotype for the hypervirulent A. hydrophila (vAh) pathotype. Subsequently, LD50 of six selected Aeromonas spp(.) were determined by intraperitoneal injection of bacterial suspension containing 10(3), 10(5), and 10(7) CFU/mL of the respective Aeromonas sp. to red hybrid tilapias. The kidneys, livers and spleens of infected moribund fish were examined for histopathological changes. The screening revealed that only A. dhakensis 1P11S3 was able to grow using myo-inositol as a sole carbon source, and no vAh strains were identified. The LD50-240h of A. dhakensis 1P11S3 was 10(7) CFU/mL, while the non-myo-inositol utilizing A. dhakensis 4PS2 and A. hydrophila 8TK3 was lower at 10(5) CFU/mL. Similarly, tilapia challenged with the myo-inositol A. dhakensis 1P11S3 showed significantly (p < 0.05) less severe signs, gross and histopathological lesions, and a lower mortality rate than the non-myo-inositol A. dhakensis 4PS2 and A. hydrophila 8TK3. These findings suggested that myo-inositol utilizing A. dhakensis 1P11S3 was not a hypervirulent Aeromonas sp. under current experimental disease challenge conditions, and that diverse Aeromonas spp. are of concern in aquaculture farmed freshwater fish. Therefore, future study is warranted on genomic level to further elucidate the influence of myo-inositol utilizing ability on the pathogenesis of Aeromonas spp., since this ability correlates with hypervirulence in A. hydrophila strains.

Automated summary

The study identified A. dhakensis 1P11S3 as the only strain able to utilize myo-inositol as a sole carbon source among Aeromonas isolates in Malaysia. While this strain demonstrated some virulence in an experimental challenge test, it exhibited lower pathogenicity compared to other non-myo-inositol utilizing strains. Further research is needed to understand the potential impact of myo-inositol utilization on the pathogenesis of Aeromonas spp.