2D material based field effect transistors and nanoelectromechanical systems for sensing applications

Sensors are ubiquitous in modern society because of their wide applications in healthcare, security, forensic industries as well as environmental protection. Specifically, sensors which can be microfabricated employing very-large-scale-integration (VLSI) compatible microfabrication techniques are particularly desirable. This is because they can provide several advantages: small size, low cost, and possibility of mass fabrication. 2D materials are a promising building block for such sensors. Their atomically thin nature, flat surfaces and ability to form van der Waals hetero junctions opens up the pathway for versatile functionalities. Here, we review 2D materiel-based field-effect-transistors (FETs) and nano-electro-mechanical systems (NEMs) for applications in detecting different gases, chemicals, and biomolecules. We will provide insights into the unique advantages of these materials for these sensing applications and discuss the fabrication methods, detection schemes and performance pertaining to these technologies. Finally, we will discuss the current challenges and prospects for this field.

Automated summary

Sensors are widely used in modern society for various applications, with microfabricated sensors being particularly desirable for their small size, low cost, and mass fabrication capabilities. 2D materials are a promising building block for sensors due to their atomically thin nature and ability to form van der Waals hetero junctions. These materials, such as field-effect transistors and nano-electro-mechanical systems, have unique advantages for detecting gases, chemicals, and biomolecules, but also face challenges in fabrication and performance.