期刊
BIOMEDICINES
卷 10, 期 2, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020371
关键词
Parkinson's disease; neuroprotection; neurodegeneration; novel target; stem cells; neurodegenerative biomarker; alpha-synuclein; mitochondrial dysfunction; oxidative stress; immunomodulation
资金
- National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) - Korean government (MSIT) [NRF-2018R1A5A2023127]
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Current treatments for PD only aim to alleviate motor symptoms, and there is a need for disease-modifying approaches. This review provides an overview of current therapies, discusses novel therapeutic targets, immunomodulatory approaches, and stem cell research in PD, summarizes preclinical studies and clinical trials, and presents potential molecular biomarkers for early PD diagnosis.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder pathologically distinguished by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Muscle rigidity, tremor, and bradykinesia are all clinical motor hallmarks of PD. Several pathways have been implicated in PD etiology, including mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired protein clearance, and neuroinflammation, but how these factors interact remains incompletely understood. Although many breakthroughs in PD therapy have been accomplished, there is currently no cure for PD, only trials to alleviate the related motor symptoms. To reduce or stop the clinical progression and mobility impairment, a disease-modifying approach that can directly target the etiology rather than offering symptomatic alleviation remains a major unmet clinical need in the management of PD. In this review, we briefly introduce current treatments and pathophysiology of PD. In addition, we address the novel innovative therapeutic targets for PD therapy, including alpha-synuclein, autophagy, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and others. Several immunomodulatory approaches and stem cell research currently in clinical trials with PD patients are also discussed. Moreover, preclinical studies and clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of novel and repurposed therapeutic agents and their pragmatic applications with encouraging outcomes are summarized. Finally, molecular biomarkers under active investigation are presented as potentially valuable tools for early PD diagnosis.
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