期刊
BIOMEDICINES
卷 10, 期 1, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010054
关键词
astaxanthin; glycation; CML-HSA; inflammation; RANKL; osteoclastogenesis; RAW 264; 7 cells
资金
- JSPS KAKENHI [20K11593]
- Isyoku-Dogen Research Foundation [21009]
- Doshisha University
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [20K11593] Funding Source: KAKEN
This study found that astaxanthin has potential as a remedy for CML-HSA-induced inflammation and RANKL-induced excessive bone loss.
Objective: Elevated levels of serum N-epsilon-carboxymethyllysine (CML), a well-known advanced glycation end-product (AGE), were observed in patients with inflammation or osteoporosis. Astaxanthin was reported to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In the present study, we investigated the effects of commercially available dietary supplement AstaReal ACT(R) (ASR) capsule content as astaxanthin on CML-HSA-induced inflammatory and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa-Beta ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenic gene expression. Methods: RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells were stimulated with CML-HSA to trigger inflammatory gene expression and treated with either a vehicle control or varied concentrations of astaxanthin. Inflammatory gene expression was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or qPCR. We triggered osteoclastogenesis using RANKL, and osteoclastogenic gene expression was measured through tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity, staining, immunofluorescence, and qPCR analyses. Results: CML-HSA showed a stimulatory effect on inflammatory gene expression, and astaxanthin reduced the expression by at least two-fold. The levels of autoinflammatory gene expression were reduced by astaxanthin. The RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis was significantly inhibited by astaxanthin, with reductions in the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B), the expression of NFATc1 (nuclear factor of activated T cells 1), multinucleated cell formation, and the expression of mature osteoclast marker genes. Conclusion: Astaxanthin has potential as a remedy for CML-HSA-induced inflammation and RANKL-induced excessive bone loss.
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