4.7 Review

An Updated Review of Porcine Deltacoronavirus in Terms of Prevalence, Pathogenicity, Pathogenesis and Antiviral Strategy

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Article Virology

Development and utilization of an infectious clone for porcine deltacoronavirus strain USA/IL/2014/026

Xufang Deng et al.

Summary: This study reported the generation of a full-length infectious cDNA clone for porcine deltacoronavirus strain USA/IL/2014/026. The identification of an IFN-antagonistic endoribonuclease in the virus will assist in the development of live-attenuated deltacoronavirus vaccines.

VIROLOGY (2021)

Article Virology

The porcine deltacoronavirus accessory protein NS6 is expressed in vivo and incorporated into virions

Pan Qin et al.

Summary: The study found that the accessory protein NS6 is expressed during PDCoV infection in small intestinal tissues of piglets and is incorporated into virions. However, the anti-NS6 antibody was unable to neutralize PDCoV.

VIROLOGY (2021)

Article Virology

Porcine Deltacoronavirus Enters Porcine IPI-2I Intestinal Epithelial Cells via Macropinocytosis and Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis Dependent on pH and Dynamin

Puxian Fang et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates that PDCoV uses clathrin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis to enter porcine intestinal epithelial cells, revealing new insights into the viral entry mechanisms. The research also provides important information on the cellular pathways involved in PDCoV infection, which may guide future antiviral drug development.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Independent infections of porcine deltacoronavirus among Haitian children

John A. Lednicky et al.

Summary: Since 2003, coronaviruses have caused three major epidemics, including the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The emergence of coronaviruses in human species has been associated with zoonotic transmissions from animal reservoirs, emphasizing the propensity of such pathogens to spill over and adapt to new species.

NATURE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Coinfection of porcine deltacoronavirus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus increases disease severity, cell trophism and earlier upregulation of IFN-α and IL12

Kepalee Saeng-chuto et al.

Summary: The co-infection of PEDV and PDCoV exacerbates the severity of the disease, leading to significantly prolonged fecal score and virus shedding, as well as a decreased VH:CD ratio in the jejunum. PDCoV antigen was detected in both villous enterocytes and crypts in the co-inoculated group. The expression of IFN-alpha and IL12 was significantly up-regulated in the co-inoculated groups compared to single-inoculated groups.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

Article Immunology

Ergosterol peroxide exhibits antiviral and immunomodulatory abilities against porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) via suppression of NF-κB and p38/MAPK signaling pathways in vitro

Cong Duan et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that ergosterol peroxide (EP) from Cryptoporus volvatus can inhibit porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) infection and regulate host immune responses through downregulating the activation of NF-κB and p38/MAPK signaling pathways. EP shows potential as a candidate for the development of a new anti-PDCoV therapy.

INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY (2021)

Article Virology

Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase suppresses porcine deltacoronavirus infection by inhibiting viral entry

Wenting Ke et al.

Summary: PDCoV infection upregulates CH25H expression, with overexpression inhibiting viral replication while silencing promotes infection. Treatment with 25HC or a mutant CH25H lacking hydroxylase activity both inhibit PDCoV infection to varying extents.

VIRUS RESEARCH (2021)

Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Plasmids Expressing shRNAs Specific to the Nucleocapsid Gene Inhibit the Replication of Porcine Deltacoronavirus In Vivo

Jun Gu et al.

Summary: The study shows that a dual shRNA expression system is an effective strategy in combating Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) infection without cytotoxicity, which would facilitate the ongoing development of RNAi-based therapeutic drugs against viral diseases.

ANIMALS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Chimeric Virus-like Particles of Universal Antigen Epitopes of Coron-avirus and Phage Q beta Coat Protein Trigger the Production of Neutralizing Antibodies

Yukun Guo et al.

Summary: The study successfully designed and synthesized a chimeric VLP vaccine of the phage QI3 coat protein presenting the universal epitope of the coronavirus. Mouse experiments confirmed specific antibody responses and neutralizing activity induced by the chimeric VLP vaccines.

CURRENT TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Melatonin and other indoles show antiviral activities against swine coronaviruses in vitro at pharmacological concentrations

Xiaofeng Zhai et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed gaps in our knowledge of animal coronavirus prevention and control, while indoles show potential activity against swine coronaviruses. Molecules such as melatonin can inhibit viral replication in cells, providing a basis for the development of new treatments.

JOURNAL OF PINEAL RESEARCH (2021)

Article Virology

Aminopeptidase N Is an Entry Co-factor Triggering Porcine Deltacoronavirus Entry via an Endocytotic Pathway

Yue-Lin Yang et al.

Summary: The study reveals that Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) can enter nonsusceptible cells but fails to replicate efficiently. The key role of amino peptidase N in mediating PDCoV entry via an endocytotic pathway is investigated. Entry through endocytosis is shown to be a major determinant of efficient PDCoV replication.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2021)

Article Virology

Roles of Two Major Domains of the Porcine Deltacoronavirus S1 Subunit in Receptor Binding and Neutralization

Yan Liu et al.

Summary: The study reveals the potential of PDCoV for interspecies transmission and the role of two major S1 domains in receptor binding and neutralization. In vivo evidence shows that mice are susceptible to limited PDCoV infection. The critical glycosylation sites and aromatic amino acids on the surface of the S1(B) domain are identified for APN binding, and the neutralization activity of S1(A) antibodies is attributed to blockage of sugar binding activity.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2021)

Article Microbiology

Bile acids LCA and CDCA inhibited porcine deltacoronavirus replication in vitro

Fanzhi Kong et al.

Summary: Physiological concentrations of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA) were found to have antiviral activity against PDCoV in porcine kidney cell line (LLC-PK1) and porcine small intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2), inhibiting viral replication by inducing interferon (IFN)-lambda 3 and IFN-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) production via G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) in IPEC-J2 cells.

VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

Article Microbiology

Ergosterol peroxide suppresses porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV)-induced autophagy to inhibit virus replication via p38 signaling pathway

Cong Duan et al.

Summary: The study found that PDCoV infection induces autophagy and activates the p38 signaling pathway, while ergosterol peroxide (EP) can suppress autophagy and prevent PDCoV infection in vivo through the p38 signaling pathway in pigs. This reveals a potential new therapeutic strategy for PDCoV.

VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

Article Virology

Stress-activated protein kinases are involved in the replication of porcine deltacoronavirus

Ji Hyun Jeon et al.

Summary: The JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways play important roles in viral biosynthesis and immune responses, thereby favoring the replication of PDCoV.

VIROLOGY (2021)

Article Veterinary Sciences

Genetic Characteristics and Pathogenicity of a Novel Porcine Deltacoronavirus Southeast Asia-Like Strain Found in China

Hejie Wang et al.

Summary: A novel porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) strain, CHN/GX/1468B/2017, isolated in China, is closely related to the Southeast Asia strain with distinct genetic characteristics and pathogenicity, enriching the international information on the genetic diversity of PDCoV.

FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE (2021)

Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Evaluation of a Porcine deltacoronavirus eradication program in a full-cycle pig farm in Peru

Jhonas Vicente-Huaman et al.

Summary: This case report identifies the presence of porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) in Peru and Latin America for the first time, and describes a successful control and eradication program using feedback/controlled homogenization in a pig farm.

JOURNAL OF ADVANCED VETERINARY AND ANIMAL RESEARCH (2021)

Article Veterinary Sciences

Antiviral effects of ergosterol peroxide in a pig model of porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) infection involves modulation of apoptosis and tight junction in the small intestine

Cong Duan et al.

Summary: The study demonstrated that ergosterol peroxide (EP) from Cryptoporus volvatus has efficient anti-PDCoV properties, reducing diarrhea incidence, alleviating intestinal lesion, and decreasing viral load in feces and tissues. EP also showed immunomodulatory effects by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and upregulating IFN-I expression, suggesting its potential as a promising strategy for treating PDCoV infection. Additionally, the mechanism of action involves inhibiting PDCoV replication and alleviating PDCoV-induced apoptosis via the p38/MAPK signaling pathway.

VETERINARY RESEARCH (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Genomic Epidemiology, Evolution, and Transmission Dynamics of Porcine Deltacoronavirus

Wan-Ting He et al.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION (2020)

Article Microbiology

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) infection antagonizes interferon-λ1 production

Shudan Liu et al.

VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY (2020)

Article Immunology

Porcine Deltacoronavirus Infection and Transmission in Poultry, United States

Patricia A. Boley et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

Article Veterinary Sciences

Expression profile analysis of 5-day-old neonatal piglets infected with porcine Deltacoronavirus

Jiao L. Wu et al.

BMC VETERINARY RESEARCH (2019)

Article Veterinary Sciences

Prevalence, phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of porcine deltacoronavirus in Henan province, China

Honglei Zhang et al.

PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE (2019)

Article Infectious Diseases

First report and phylogenetic analysis of porcine deltacoronavirus in Mexico

Claudia Perez-Rivera et al.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2019)

Article Virology

Susceptibility of Chickens to Porcine Deltacoronavirus Infection

Qingqing Liang et al.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2019)

Article Infectious Diseases

Detection and spike gene characterization in porcine deltacoronavirus in China during 2016-2018

Yu Zhang et al.

INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION (2019)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Functional Characterization and Proteomic Analysis of Porcine Deltacoronavirus Accessory Protein NS7

Subin Choi et al.

JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (2019)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Porcine deltacoronavirus nsp15 antagonizes interferon-β production independently of its endoribonuclease activity

Xiaorong Liu et al.

MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2019)

Article Infectious Diseases

The detection and phylogenetic analysis of porcine deltacoronavirus from Guangdong Province in Southern China

K. Mai et al.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2018)

Article Infectious Diseases

Genetic characterization and pathogenicity of Japanese porcine deltacoronavirus

Tohru Suzuki et al.

INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION (2018)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Broad receptor engagement of an emerging global coronavirus may potentiate its diverse cross-species transmissibility

Wentao Li et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2018)

Article Immunology

Contribution of porcine aminopeptidase N to porcine deltacoronavirus infection

Xinyu Zhu et al.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2018)

Article Virology

Cholesterol is important for the entry process of porcine deltacoronavirus

Ji Hyun Jeon et al.

ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY (2018)

Article Virology

A novel strain of porcine deltacoronavirus in Vietnam

Van Phan Le et al.

ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY (2018)

Article Infectious Diseases

Different Lineage of Porcine Deltacoronavirus in Thailand, Vietnam and Lao PDR in 2015

K. Saeng-chuto et al.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2017)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Discovery of a novel accessory protein NS7a encoded by porcine deltacoronavirus

Puxian Fang et al.

JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY (2017)

Article Veterinary Sciences

Experimental infection of conventional nursing pigs and their dams with Porcine deltacoronavirus

Sarah Vitosh-Sillman et al.

JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION (2016)

Article Veterinary Sciences

Characterization and evolution of porcine deltacoronavirus in the United States

Nitipong Homwong et al.

PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE (2016)

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Porcine Deltacoronavirus, Thailand, 2015

Taveesak Janetanakit et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2016)

Letter Immunology

Porcine Deltacoronavirus in Mainland China

Nan Dong et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2015)

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Pathogenicity of 2 Porcine Deltacoronavirus Strains in Gnotobiotic Pigs

Kwonil Jung et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2015)

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Porcine Coronavirus HKU15 Detected in 9 US States, 2014

Leyi Wang et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2014)

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Detection and Genetic Characterization of Deltacoronavirus in Pigs, Ohio, USA, 2014

Leyi Wang et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2014)

Article Microbiology

Full-Length Genome Sequence of Porcine Deltacoronavirus Strain USA/IA/2014/8734

Ganwu Li et al.

GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS (2014)