Nutraceutical Chewing Candy Formulations Based on Acetic, Alcoholic, and Lactofermented Apple Juice Products

The aim of this study was to develop nutraceutical chewing candy (NCC) formulations based on acetic, alcoholic, and lactofermented apple juice (AJ) products. In addition, different texture-forming (gelatin, pectin) and sweetening (stevia, xylitol) agents were tested. To implement the aim of this study, combinations based on AJ, prepared from fresh and frozen apples, apple cider (C) samples (No.1, No.2, No.3, and No.4), and apple vinegar (V) were used. First, the most appropriate combination was selected by evaluating overall acceptability (OA) and emotions induced for consumers (EIC). In addition, the volatile compound (VC) profile, and physicochemical and antimicrobial characteristics of the developed combinations were analyzed. For AJ fermentation, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains possessing antimicrobial properties (LUHS122-L. plantarum and LUHS210-L. casei) were used. AJ prepared from frozen apples had 11.1% higher OA and 45.9%, 50.4%, and 33.3% higher fructose, glucose, and saccharose concentrations, respectively. All the tested C samples inhibited Bacillus subtilis and had an average OA of 6.6 points. Very strong positive correlations were found between AJ and C OA and the emotion 'happy'; comparing lactofermented AJ, the highest OA was obtained for AJ fermented for 48 h with LUHS122, and a moderate positive correlation was found between AJ OA and the emotion 'happy' (r = 0.7617). This sample also showed the highest viable LAB count (7.59 log(10) CFU mL(-1)) and the broadest spectrum of pathogen inhibition (inhibited 6 out of 10 tested pathogens). Further, acetic, alcoholic, and lactofermented AJ product combinations were tested. For the preparation of NCC, the combination consisting of 50 mL of AJ fermented with LUHS122 for 48 h + 50 mL C-No.3 + 2 mL V was selected because it showed the highest OA, induced a high intensity of the emotion 'happy' for the judges, and inhibited 8 out of 10 tested pathogens. Finally, the OA of the prepared NCC was, on average, 9.03 points. The combination of acetic, alcoholic, and lactofermented AJ products leads to the formation of a specific VC profile and increases the OA and antimicrobial activity of the products which could be successfully applied in the food and nutraceutical industries.

Automated summary

This study aimed to develop nutraceutical chewing candy formulations using apple vinegar, apple wine, and lactofermented apple juice products. Evaluations were conducted on overall acceptability, emotions induced for consumers, volatile compound profiles, and physicochemical and antimicrobial characteristics of the developed combinations. Fermentation of apple juice was carried out using lactic acid bacteria strains with antimicrobial properties. The selected combination showed high overall acceptability, induced positive emotions, and exhibited antimicrobial activity, making it suitable for application in the food and nutraceutical industries.