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Norovirus Vaccines: Current Clinical Development and Challenges

期刊

PATHOGENS
卷 10, 期 12, 页码 -

出版社

MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121641

关键词

norovirus; gastroenteritis; vaccine; immunogenicity; antiviral

资金

  1. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) [R56 AI148426-01A1]
  2. Cincinnati Children Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC)
  3. Center for Clinical and Translational Science and Training (CCTST) of the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (Pilot Collaborative Studies Grant 2018-2019) - National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health [UL1TR001425]

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Developing a broadly effective norovirus vaccine is challenging due to the genetic and antigenic diversity of noroviruses, as well as the lack of robust cell culture systems and reliable immune markers for vaccine evaluation. Current vaccine candidates, focusing on recombinant VP1-based virus-like particles, have shown safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy, indicating a high likelihood of successful norovirus vaccine development.
Noroviruses are the major viral pathogens causing epidemic and endemic acute gastroenteritis with significant morbidity and mortality. While vaccines against norovirus diseases have been shown to be of high significance, the development of a broadly effective norovirus vaccine remains difficult, owing to the wide genetic and antigenic diversity of noroviruses with multiple co-circulated variants of various genotypes. In addition, the absence of a robust cell culture system, an efficient animal model, and reliable immune markers of norovirus protection for vaccine evaluation further hinders the developmental process. Among the vaccine candidates that are currently under clinical studies, recombinant VP1-based virus-like particles (VLPs) that mimic major antigenic features of noroviruses are the common ones, with proven safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy, supporting a high success likelihood of a useful norovirus vaccine. This short article reviews the recent progress in norovirus vaccine development, focusing on those from recent clinical studies, as well as summarizes the barriers that are being encountered in this developmental process and discusses issues of future perspective.

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