期刊
BIOMOLECULES
卷 11, 期 10, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/biom11101508
关键词
alpha-synuclein; beta-amyloid (A beta); cytokine; DAMPs; extracellular vesicles; inflammation; mitochondrial-derived vesicles; mitophagy; neurofilaments light chain (NfL); p-tau pathology
资金
- Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore [D1.2020]
- Ministero dellIstruzione, dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR) [DM 587, 112/19]
- UDIMED s.r.l.
- non profit research foundation Centro Studi Achille e Linda Lorenzon
Parkinson's Disease is a common neurodegenerative disease among older adults, characterized by dopaminergic neuron loss and abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein. The development of PD involves various factors such as genetic mutations, post-translational modifications, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species activates alpha-synuclein aggregation, leading to neurodegeneration.
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a highly prevalent neurodegenerative disease among older adults. PD neuropathology is marked by the progressive loss of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta and the widespread accumulation of misfolded intracellular alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn). Genetic mutations and post-translational modifications, such as alpha-syn phosphorylation, have been identified among the multiple factors supporting alpha-syn accrual during PD. A decline in the clearance capacity of the ubiquitin-proteasome and the autophagy-lysosomal systems, together with mitochondrial dysfunction, have been indicated as major pathophysiological mechanisms of PD neurodegeneration. The accrual of misfolded alpha-syn aggregates into soluble oligomers, and the generation of insoluble fibrils composing the core of intraneuronal Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites observed during PD neurodegeneration, are ignited by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ROS activate the alpha-syn aggregation cascade and, together with the Lewy bodies, promote neurodegeneration. However, the molecular pathways underlying the dynamic evolution of PD remain undeciphered. These gaps in knowledge, together with the clinical heterogeneity of PD, have hampered the identification of the biomarkers that may be used to assist in diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and prognostication. Herein, we illustrate the main pathways involved in PD pathogenesis and discuss their possible exploitation for biomarker discovery.
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