Beta-Sitosterol Promotes Milk Protein and Fat Syntheses-Related Genes in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

Simple Summary: The levels of milk fats and proteins are important indexes used to evaluate milk quality. Generally, feed additives are used to improve milk quality. This study aimed to investigate the effect of beta-sitosterol on milk fat and protein gene expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells. beta-sitosterol increased the beta-casein levels in bovine mammary epithelial cells and promoted the expression of milk fat and protein synthesis-related genes, suggesting the use of beta-sitosterol as a potential feed additive to improve milk quality in dairy cows.beta-sitosterol, a phytosterol with multiple biological activities, has been used in the pharmaceutical industry. However, there are only a few reports on the use of beta-sitosterol in improving milk synthesis in dairy cows. This study aimed to investigate the effects of beta-sitosterol on milk fat and protein syntheses in bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) and its regulatory mechanism. MAC-T cells were treated with different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, or 40 mu M) of beta-sitosterol, and the expression levels of milk protein and fat synthesis-related genes and proteins were analyzed. beta-sitosterol at 0.1, 1, and 10 mu M concentrations promoted the mRNA and protein expression of beta-casein. beta-sitosterol (0.1, 1, 10 mu M) increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of signal transducer activator of transcription 5 (STAT5), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (S6K1) of the JAK2/STAT5 and mTOR signaling pathways. It also stimulated the milk fat synthesis-related factors, including sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR?), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and stearyl CoA desaturase (SCD). beta-sitosterol (0.1, 1, 10 mu M) also significantly increased the expression of growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH/IGF-1) axis and hypoxia-inducible factor-1a (HIF-1a)-related genes. Notably, the compound inhibited the expression of the negative regulator, the suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2) at the two lower concentrations (0.1, 1 mu M), but significantly promoted the expression at the highest concentration (30 mu M). These results highlight the role of beta-sitosterol at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 mu M in improving milk protein and fat syntheses, regulating milk quality. Therefore, beta-sitosterol can be used as a potential feed additive to improve milk quality in dairy cows.

Automated summary

Beta-sitosterol, at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 µM, has been shown to promote the expression of milk protein and fat synthesis-related genes and proteins in bovine mammary epithelial cells, suggesting its potential use as a feed additive to improve milk quality in dairy cows.