Landmark Data to Distinguish and Identify Morphologically Close Tabanus spp. (Diptera: Tabanidae)

Simple Summary Tabanus spp. (Diptera: Tabanidae) are blood-sucking parasites of animals and humans. The accurate identification of these flies is very important for determining the vector species involved in disease transmission and for planning effective vector control and management strategies. We explored the effectiveness of landmark-based geometrics at distinguishing and identifying morphologically similar species of Tabanus (T. megalops, T. rubidus, and T. striatus) in Thailand. Our study reveals that geometric morphometrics is effective at distinguishing between the three species of Tabanus. Furthermore, our study material can be used as reference material for species identification. Tabanus spp., also known as horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae), are important vectors of several animal pathogens. Adult females of Tabanus megalops and Tabanus striatus, which are members of the T. striatus complex, are morphologically similar and hence difficult to distinguish using morphological characteristics. In addition, molecular identification by DNA barcoding is also unable to distinguish these species. These two species can occur sympatrically with Tabanus rubidus, which is morphologically similar to T. megalops and T. striatus. Wing geometric morphometrics has been widely used in various insects to distinguish morphologically similar species. This study explored the effectiveness of landmark-based geometrics at distinguishing and identifying T. megalops, T. rubidus, and T. striatus in Thailand. Specimens were collected from different geographical regions of Thailand, and only unambiguously identified specimens were used for geometric morphometric analyses. Left wings of females of T. megalops (n = 160), T. rubidus (n = 165), and T. striatus (n = 85) were photographed, and 22 wing landmarks were used for the analysis. Wing shape was able to distinguish among species with high accuracy scores, ranging from 94.38% to 99.39%. We showed that morphologically very close species of Tabanus can be reliably distinguished by the geometry of their wing venation, and we showed how our experimental material could be used as a reference to tentatively identify new field collected specimens.

Automated summary

Tabanus spp. (horse flies) are important vectors of animal pathogens, and distinguishing between morphologically similar species like T. megalops, T. rubidus, and T. striatus is crucial. This study demonstrates that geometric morphometrics can accurately differentiate these species based on wing shape, with high accuracy scores. The findings provide a valuable reference for species identification and vector management strategies.