High fungal pathogen loads and prevalence in Baja California amphibian communities: The importance of species, elevation, and historical context

Amphibians are declining globally, and the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which causes the disease chytridiomycosis, has been the culprit in many of these declines. In the Mediterranean region of Baja California, Mexico-a biodiversity hotspot-native amphibians are also in decline, and Bd is present. To determine which factors best predict Bd infection prevalence and intensity in Baja California anurans, we conducted Bd sampling at three disparate sites at varying elevations. We observed an overall Bd prevalence of 68%, and found that species was an important predictor of pathogen prevalence and burden (load) both across and within sites. Pathogen prevalence and load increased positively with elevation. The highest Bd load we detected was 139,188 zoospore equivalents (ZE) in a western toad (Anaxyrus boreas)-more than 10 times the pathogen burden at which chytridiomycosis is lethal in some species. We observed high Bd prevalence (84 - 99%) and Bd loads (> 44,000 ZE) in the California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii)-a cause for concern in this threatened anuran, especially at La Grulla-the highest elevation (2050 m) site for this species across its range. We sampled museum specimens to determine how long Bd has been present in the region, and detected the pathogen as early as 1932. Contemporary Bd prevalence and load in Baja California are considerably higher than would be expected given similar habitats and the same community composition as in southern California, USA. We therefore highlight the importance of historical context and comparative analyses in examining contemporary Bd dynamics, as well as adhering to strict biosecurity measures when implementing reintroductions and translocations.

Automated summary

Amphibians are declining globally, and the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has been the main cause. In the Mediterranean region of Baja California, Mexico, native amphibians are also declining due to the presence of Bd. Factors such as species and elevation have been found to predict the prevalence and intensity of Bd infection in the region. Historical context and comparative analyses are important in understanding contemporary Bd dynamics and implementing effective measures.