期刊
ELEMENTA-SCIENCE OF THE ANTHROPOCENE
卷 10, 期 1, 页码 -出版社
UNIV CALIFORNIA PRESS
DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2021.000046
关键词
Snow and sea ice; Coupled climate system; Atmosphere-ice-ocean interaction; Interdisciplinary research; Arctic drift study
资金
- German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)
- Polarstern expedition PS122 [N-2014-H060_Dethloff]
- AWI through its project: AWI_ROV
- Helmholtz strategic investment Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) through the Transregional Collaborative Research Centre TRR-172 [268020496]
- International Research Training Group 1904 ArcTrain [221211316]
- MOSAiCmicrowaveRS project [420499875]
- HELiPOD grant [LA 2907/11-1]
- SCASI project [NI 1096/5-1, KA 2694/7-1]
- SnowCast project [AR1236/1]
- BMBF through the project Diatom-ARCTIC [03F0810A]
- BMBF through the project IceSense [BMBF 03F0866A, 03F0866B]
- BMBF through the project MOSAiC3-IceScan [BMBF 03F0916A]
- BMBF through the project NiceLABpro [BMBF 03F0867A]
- BMBF through the SSIP [01LN1701A]
- BMBF through the SIDF Explore [03F0868A]
- German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy [BMWi 50EE1917A]
- US National Science Foundation (NSF) [OPP-1724467, OPP1724540, OPP-1724748, OPP-1723400, OPP-1820927, OPP-1735862, OPP-1805569, OPP-1724551, OPP1807496, OPP1914781]
- NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory
- European Union [730965, 727890]
- US Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program [DE-SC0019251, DE-SC0021341]
- US Department of Energy Atmospheric System Research (ASR) program [DE-SC0019251, DE-SC0021341]
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) [80NSSC20K0658]
- European Space Agency (ESA)
- CIMRex project [4000125503/18/NL/FF/gp]
- GNSSR project [P.O. 5001025474, C.N. 4000128320/19/NL/FF/ab]
- GNSS-R project [P.O. 5001025474, C.N. 4000128320/19/NL/FF/ab]
- Canadian Space Agency FAST project [19FACALB08]
- EUMETSAT
- Research Council of Norway [280292, 287871, 280531]
- Fram Centre (Tromso, Norway)
- UKRI Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) [03F0810A, NE/R012849/1]
- BMBF [03F0810A, NE/R012849/1]
- UK Natural Environment Research Council [NE/S00257X/1]
- Agencia Estatal de Investigacion AEI of Spain [PCI2019-111844-2, RTI2018-099008-BC22]
- Swedish Research Council (VR) [2018-03859]
- Swedish Polar Research Secretariat
- Swiss Polar Institute project SnowMOSAiC
- Werner-Petersen-Foundation [FKZ 2019/610]
- AWI through its project: AWI_ICE
- AWI through its project: AWI_SNOW
- AWI through its project: AWI_ECO
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-SC0019251, DE-SC0021341] Funding Source: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
- NERC [NE/R012849/1, NE/S00257X/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- Swedish Research Council [2018-03859] Funding Source: Swedish Research Council
This study conducted year-round observations of the physical properties and processes of snow and ice in the Arctic Ocean, aiming to understand the interaction between the ice pack, atmosphere, and ocean. The results showed that the spatial variability of snow is crucial for understanding snow-related feedback processes, and the ice pack undergoes rapid transformations and motions during drift. These findings are important for improving climate models and validating remote sensing methods.
Year-round observations of the physical snow and ice properties and processes that govern the ice pack evolution and its interaction with the atmosphere and the ocean were conducted during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition of the research vessel Polarstern in the Arctic Ocean from October 2019 to September 2020. This work was embedded into the interdisciplinary design of the 5 MOSAiC teams, studying the atmosphere, the sea ice, the ocean, the ecosystem, and biogeochemical processes. The overall aim of the snow and sea ice observations during MOSAiC was to characterize the physical properties of the snow and ice cover comprehensively in the central Arctic over an entire annual cycle. This objective was achieved by detailed observations of physical properties and of energy and mass balance of snow and ice. By studying snow and sea ice dynamics over nested spatial scales from centimeters to tens of kilometers, the variability across scales can be considered. On-ice observations of in situ and remote sensing properties of the different surface types over all seasons will help to improve numerical process and climate models and to establish and validate novel satellite remote sensing methods; the linkages to accompanying airborne measurements, satellite observations, and results of numerical models are discussed. We found large spatial variabilities of snow metamorphism and thermal regimes impacting sea ice growth. We conclude that the highly variable snow cover needs to be considered in more detail (in observations, remote sensing, and models) to better understand snow-related feedback processes. The ice pack revealed rapid transformations and motions along the drift in all seasons. The number of coupled ice-ocean interface processes observed in detail are expected to guide upcoming research with respect to the changing Arctic sea ice.
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