A Novel Prognostic Biomarker Panel for Early-Stage Colon Carcinoma

Simple Summary Decision about treatment choice in early-stage colon cancer may be difficult for clinicians because of a lack of published data. Colon cancer is a very heterogeneous disease, but some previous efforts have helped us elucidate potential biomarkers for characterizing patients. Our goal is to create a panel of biomarkers capable of differentiating patients with a low, medium, and high risk of death or relapse. Our results suggest that, by combining PD-L1, GLUT-1, and mismatch repair proteins in a biomarker panel, patients could be significantly and evenly divided into one of these three groups. The resulting biomarker panel has the potential clinical value that, by being able to classify a patient with early colon cancer as being at high risk of death or tumor evolution, they could benefit from a more aggressive early treatment, while this approach might not be needed for low-risk patients. Molecular characterization of colorectal cancer has helped us understand better the biology of the disease. However, previous efforts have yet to provide significant clinical value in order to be integrated into clinical practice for patients with early-stage colon cancer (CC). The purpose of this study was to assess PD-L1, GLUT-1, e-cadherin, MUC2, CDX2, and microsatellite instability (dMMR) and to propose a risk-panel with prognostic capabilities. Biomarkers were immunohistochemically assessed through tissue microarrays in a cohort of 144 patients with stage II/III colon cancer. A biomarker panel consisting of PD-L1, GLUT-1, dMMR, and potentially CDX2 was constructed that divided patients into low, medium, and high risk of overall survival or disease-free survival (DFS) in equally sized groups. Compared with low-risk patients, medium-risk patients have almost twice the risk of death (HR = 2.10 (0.99-4.46), p = 0.054), while high-risk patients have almost four times the risk (HR = 3.79 (1.77-8.11), p = 0.001). The multivariate goodness of fit was 0.756 and was correlated with Kaplan-Meier curves (p = 0.002). Consistent results were found for DFS. This study provides a critical basis for the future development of an immunohistochemical assessment capable of discerning early-stage CC patients as a function of their prognosis. This tool may aid with treatment personalization in daily clinical practice and improve survival outcomes.

Automated summary

The study proposed a biomarker panel consisting of PD-L1, GLUT-1, dMMR, and potentially CDX2 that divided patients into low, medium, and high risk groups in terms of overall survival or disease-free survival. Medium-risk patients had almost twice the risk of death compared to low-risk patients, while high-risk patients had nearly four times the risk. The findings provide a critical foundation for the future development of an immunohistochemical assessment tool that can personalize treatment and improve survival outcomes for patients with early-stage colon cancer.