BRAFV600E Mutant Allele Frequency (MAF) Influences Melanoma Clinicopathologic Characteristics

Simple Summary The mutational load of BRAF(V600E) in melanomas has been described as a possible prognostic biomarker but there is no information about the mutant allele frequency (MAF) variability of BRAF(V600E) within cutaneous melanomas and its potential prognostic implications. Our study suggests that the variation degree of BRAF(V600E) MAF within primary cutaneous melanoma could act as a determinant in the location of primary melanomas as well as their first metastases and could influence prognostic indicators such as Breslow and mitotic indexes. BRAF(V600E) MAF variation is also related to the neoplastic cell phenotype and tumor lymphocytic infiltrate of primary tumors. For all these reasons, detection of BRAF(V600E) MAF variation could be a useful prognostic biomarker. It is worth exploring the role of BRAF(V600E) MAF variation with regards to the response of melanoma to targeted therapies. Background: Cutaneous melanoma shows high variability regarding clinicopathological presentation, evolution and prognosis. Methods: Next generation sequencing was performed to analyze hotspot mutations in different areas of primary melanomas (MMp) and their paired metastases. Clinicopathological features were evaluated depending on the degree of variation of the BRAF(V600E) mutant allele frequency (MAF) in MMp. Results: In our cohort of 14 superficial spreading, 10 nodular melanomas and 52 metastases, 17/24 (71%) melanomas had a BRAF(V600E) mutation and 5/24 (21%) had a NRAS(Q61) mutation. We observed a high variation of BRAF(V600E) MAF (H-BRAF(V600E)) in 7/17 (41%) MMp. The H-BRAF(V600E) MMp were all located on the trunk, had lower Breslow and mitotic indexes and predominantly, a first nodal metastasis. Regions with spindled tumor cells (Spin) and high lymphocytic infiltrate (HInf) were more frequent in the H-BRAF(V600E) patients (4/7; 57%), whereas regions with epithelial tumor cells (Epit) and low lymphocytic infiltrate (LInf) were predominant (6/10; 60%) and exclusive in the low BRAF(V600E) MAF variation tumors (L-BRAF(V600E)). The H-BRAF(V600E)/Spin/HInf MMp patients had better prognostic features and nodal first metastasis. Conclusions: The H-BRAF(V600E) MMp were located on the trunk, had better prognostic characteristics, such as lower Breslow and mitotic indexes as well as high lymphocytic infiltrate.

Automated summary

The study suggests that variation in BRAF(V600E) mutant allele frequency may affect the location and metastasis of primary melanomas, as well as impact prognostic indicators. Patients with high variation in BRAF(V600E) MAF tend to have better prognostic features, such as lower Breslow and mitotic indexes and higher lymphocytic infiltrate.