Biomarkers for Transient Ischemic Attack: A Brief Perspective of Current Reports and Future Horizons

Cerebrovascular disease is the leading cause of long-term disability in the world and the third-leading cause of death in the United States. The early diagnosis of transient ischemic attack (TIA) is of great importance for reducing the mortality and morbidity of cerebrovascular diseases. Patients with TIA have a high risk of early subsequent ischemic stroke and the development of permanent nervous system lesions. The diagnosis of TIA remains a clinical diagnosis that highly relies on the patient's medical history assessment. There is a growing list of biomarkers associated with different components of the ischemic cascade in the brain. In this review, we take a closer look at the biomarkers of TIA and their validity with a focus on the more clinically important ones using recent evidence of their reliability for practical usage.

Automated summary

Cerebrovascular disease is a leading cause of long-term disability worldwide, and early diagnosis of transient ischemic attack (TIA) is crucial for reducing mortality and morbidity. Patients with TIA are at high risk for early subsequent ischemic stroke and permanent nervous system damage. TIA diagnosis relies heavily on the patient's medical history assessment. There are increasing numbers of biomarkers associated with different components of the brain's ischemic cascade, and this review focuses on the clinically important ones and their validity based on recent evidence of their reliability for practical use.