Release of infectious virus and cytokines in nasopharyngeal swabs from individuals infected with non-alpha or alpha SARS-CoV-2 variants: an observational retrospective study

Background: The dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 alpha variant shedding and immune responses at the nasal mucosa remain poorly characterised. Methods: We measured infectious viral release, antibodies and cytokines in 426 PCR+ nasopharyngeal swabs from individuals harboring non-alpha or alpha variants. Findings: With both lineages, viral titers were variable, ranging from 0 to >10(6) infectious units. Rapid antigenic diagnostic tests were positive in 94% of samples with infectious virus. 68 % of individuals carried infectious virus within two days after onset of symptoms. This proportion decreased overtime. Viable virus was detected up to 14 days. Samples containing anti-spike IgG or IgA did not generally harbor infectious virus. Ct values were slightly but not significantly lower with alpha. This variant was characterized by a fast decrease of infectivity overtime and a marked release of 13 cytokines (including IFN-b, IP-10 and IL-10). Interpretation: The alpha variant displays modified viral decay and cytokine profiles at the nasopharyngeal mucosae during symptomatic infection. (C) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Automated summary

The study found that the dynamics of shedding and immune responses of the SARS-CoV-2 alpha variant in the nasal mucosa are still poorly understood. Infectious virus can persist up to 14 days, but majority of individuals can carry infectious virus within two days of symptom onset, with this proportion decreasing over time. The presence of antibodies and cytokines can significantly affect viral load and viral decay.