Heavy Metals in Soils and Road Dust in Akure City, Southwest Nigeria: Pollution, Sources, and Ecological and Health Risks

Urbanization has become a major problem because of their adverse consequences on the environment. This study was conducted to determine the extent of pollution, sources, and potential risks associated with heavy metals in Akure soils and road dust. Thirty-four samples including 16 soil and road dust each and two control samples were gathered. Chemical analysis of samples was carried out utilizing Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. Metals analyzed were As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Fe. Contamination assessment using contamination factor and pollution load index (PLI) were carried out. Likewise, ecological and health hazard evaluations following the procedures outlined by USEPA were also employed. Potential sources were disentangle utilizing measurable technique like bivariate correlation using Pearson method, while T-test were used to the determine the significance of the results at a value of 0.01. Results uncovered that the mean amount of Pb and Zn in road dust were 32.33 mg/kg and 72.53 mg/kg each, while in soil it was 34.34 mg/kg and 67.76 mg/kg each which are lesser than their concentration in the background samples. Metals in samples were mostly from anthropogenic sources such as smelting and waste disposal. PLI in soil and road dust of this area were > 1 and suggests a deterioration of the area. Chromium presents high ecological dangers. Occupants of the area particularly kids are more inclined to non-cancer-causing health risks. It is suggested that proper monitoring of heavy metals in the area be carried out to forestall outbreak of diseases.

Automated summary

This study investigates the extent of heavy metal pollution in soil and road dust in Akure and reveals anthropogenic sources as the main contributors. The results indicate a deterioration in the area, with chromium presenting high ecological dangers and potential health risks, particularly for children. Proper monitoring and prevention measures are recommended.