Low-temperature open-air synthesis of PVP-coated NaYF4:Yb,Er,Mn upconversion nanoparticles with strong red emission

Cubic (alpha-phase) NaYF4:Yb,Er upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are uniquely suited to biophotonics and biosensing applications due to their near-infrared excitation and visible red emission (lambda(ex) approx. 660 nm), enabling detection via thick overlying tissue with no bio-autofluorescence. However, UCNP synthesis typically requires high temperatures in combination with either high pressure reaction vessels or an inert atmosphere. Here, we report synthesis of alpha-phase NaYF4:Yb,Er,Mn UCNPs via the considerably more convenient PVP40-mediated route; a strategy that requires modest temperatures and relatively short reaction time (160 degrees C, 2 h) in open air, with Mn2+ co-doping serving to greatly enhance red emission. The optimal Mn2+ co-doping level was found to be 35 mol %, which decreased the average maximum UCNP Feret diameter from 42 +/- 11 to 36 +/- 15 nm; reduced the crystal lattice parameter, a, from 5.52 to 5.45 angstrom; and greatly enhanced UCNP red/green emission ratio in EtOH by a factor of 5.6. The PVP40 coating enabled dispersal in water and organic solvents and can be exploited for further surface modification (e.g. silica shell formation). We anticipate that this straightforward UCNP synthesis method for producing strongly red-emitting UCNPs will be particularly beneficial for deep tissue biophotonics and biosensing applications.

Automated summary

In this study, alpha-phase NaYF4:Yb,Er,Mn upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) were synthesized using a more convenient method. The synthesis requires lower temperatures and reaction time, and the resulting UCNPs can disperse in water and organic solvents and undergo further surface modification. The optimized co-doping level greatly enhances red emission.