COVID-19-Associated Subacute Thyroiditis: Evidence-Based Data From a Systematic Review

Review Medicine, General & Internal

Risk factors, treatment and outcomes of subacute thyroiditis secondary to COVID-19: a systematic review

Jacob Christensen et al.

Summary: COVID-19 has been found to be associated with subacute thyroiditis (SAT), but the diagnosis may be challenging due to overlapping clinical features and absence of typical symptoms.

INTERNAL MEDICINE JOURNAL (2022)

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Letter Endocrinology & Metabolism

Subacute thyroiditis in a patient infected with SARS-COV-2: an endocrine complication linked to the COVID-19 pandemic

Rosaria Maddalena Ruggeri et al.

Summary: SAT is an inflammatory thyroid disorder of viral origin, commonly preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection. It is important to diagnose and treat the disease promptly to prevent complications and long-term sequelae.

HORMONES-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM (2021)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Thyroid Function Analysis in 50 Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Study

Min Chen et al.

Summary: This study found that levels of TSH and TT3 in COVID-19 patients were significantly lower compared to healthy controls and non-COVID-19 pneumonia patients, with a positive correlation between the severity of COVID-19 and the decrease in TSH and TT3 levels.

THYROID (2021)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Detection of SARS-COV-2 receptor ACE-2 mRNA in thyroid cells: a clue for COVID-19-related subacute thyroiditis

M. Rotondi et al.

Summary: The study demonstrated the expression of ACE-2 receptor mRNA in thyroid follicular cells, making them a potential target for SARS-COV-2 entry. Future clinical studies in COVID-19 patients will be needed to further understand the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the thyroid.

JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The cytokine storm in COVID-19: Further advances in our understanding the role of specific chemokines involved

Francesca Coperchini et al.

Summary: The cytokine/chemokine network plays a crucial role in the cytokine storm of COVID-19, with chemokines being identified as important factors for individual risk stratification and predicting the clinical course of the disease. Studying the involvement of chemokines in COVID-19 will provide insights into the complex physiopathology of the cytokine storm.

CYTOKINE & GROWTH FACTOR REVIEWS (2021)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

COVID-19-related thyroiditis: A novel disease entity?

Dorota Dworakowska et al.

Summary: The literature on COVID-19-related thyroid complications has grown in the past year, with a focus on the possible correlation between COVID-19 and subacute thyroiditis. While most severe COVID-19 cases show signs of the sick euthyroid syndrome, clinicians should be aware of the potential for subacute thyroiditis in the early weeks and months following even mild COVID-19 infections.

CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY (2021)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

The cytokine storm and thyroid hormone changes in COVID-19

L. Croce et al.

Summary: COVID-19 may lead to thyroid dysfunction, possibly related to cytokine storm, direct infection of the thyroid, and certain pharmaceutical treatments.

JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Clinical characteristics and outcomes for 7,995 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection

Jacob McPadden et al.

Summary: This study identified older age and male sex as the most strongly associated risks for admission and in-hospital mortality in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. While minority racial and ethnic groups had increased burden of disease and risk of admission, age-adjusted in-hospital mortality for discharged patients was not significantly different among racial and ethnic groups. Ongoing studies will be needed to continue to evaluate these risks, particularly in the setting of evolving treatment guidelines.

PLOS ONE (2021)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

New aspects in the pathogenesis and management of subacute thyroiditis

Magdalena Stasiak et al.

Summary: Subacute thyroiditis (SAT) is a thyroid inflammatory disease, and recent years have seen significant new data on its epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management. Certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles have been shown to increase the risk of SAT, affecting its clinical course and recurrence risk.

REVIEWS IN ENDOCRINE & METABOLIC DISORDERS (2021)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Thyroid sequelae of COVID-19: a systematic review of reviews

Pierpaolo Trimboli et al.

Summary: This systematic review provides insights into potential thyroid consequences in COVID-19 patients, including thyrotoxicosis, low-T3 syndrome, and subacute thyroiditis. It concludes that having a thyroid disease does not increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that thyroid patients do not require a specific COVID-19-adapted follow-up. However, factors like critical illness and medication may affect thyroid laboratory tests.

REVIEWS IN ENDOCRINE & METABOLIC DISORDERS (2021)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Subacute Thyroiditis during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Searching for a Clinical Association with SARS-CoV-2

Pierpaolo Trimboli et al.

Summary: Patients diagnosed with subacute thyroiditis during the COVID-19 pandemic rarely showed symptoms related to SARS-CoV-2. Contact tracing did not reveal close contact with individuals positive for SARS-CoV-2 in 9/10 cases.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews

Matthew J. Page et al.

Summary: The PRISMA statement was designed to help systematic reviewers transparently report the purpose, methods, and findings of their reviews. The updated PRISMA 2020 statement includes new reporting guidance, a 27-item checklist, an abstract checklist, and revised flow diagrams for reviews.

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2021)

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Review Immunology

Interleukin-6, CXCL10 and Infiltrating Macrophages in COVID-19-Related Cytokine Storm: Not One for All But All for One!

Francesca Coperchini et al.

Summary: SARS-COV-2 virus leads to a devastating pandemic, with cytokine-storm being a peculiar aspect of infection causing severe respiratory damage and multi-organ failure. IL-6, CXCL10, and macrophages play critical roles in the aberrant immune response, highlighting the importance of their interplay in the onset and progression of the cytokine storm in COVID-19.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Letter Endocrinology & Metabolism

Subacute thyroiditis might be a complication triggered by SARS-CoV-2

R. Ruano et al.

ENDOCRINOLOGIA DIABETES Y NUTRICION (2021)

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Letter Endocrinology & Metabolism

Subacute De Quervain thyroiditis after SARS-CoV-2 infection

Maria C. Alvarez Martin et al.

ENDOCRINOLOGIA DIABETES Y NUTRICION (2021)

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Review Immunology

SARS-COV-2-related immune-inflammatory thyroid disorders: facts and perspectives

Rosaria Maddalena Ruggeri et al.

Summary: Physicians should be aware of the potential occurrence of thyroid dysfunction during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection, as COVID-19 can lead to destructive thyroiditis and autoimmune thyroid disorders. Further longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate any potential long-term consequences.

EXPERT REVIEW OF CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Incidence of De Quervain's thyroiditis during the COVID-19 pandemic in an area heavily affected by Sars-CoV-2 infection

Ilenia Pirola et al.

Summary: Through reviewing the data, we found no increase in the incidence of subacute thyroiditis in the Brescia area in Italy during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Despite one patient being diagnosed with COVID-19 pulmonary infection 7 weeks before being diagnosed with subacute thyroiditis, the remaining patients were not infected with the coronavirus.

ENDOCRINE (2021)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Modulation of ACE-2 mRNA by inflammatory cytokines in human thyroid cells: a pilot study

Francesca Coperchini et al.

Summary: The study investigated the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on ACE-2 mRNA levels in human thyroid cells. The results showed that IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha consistently increased ACE-2 mRNA levels, while the combination treatment did not consistently have synergistic effects. Further studies are needed to confirm the hypothesis that elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines may facilitate virus entry into cells by increasing ACE-2 expression.

ENDOCRINE (2021)

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Review Infectious Diseases

A 33-year-old man with COVID-19 presented with subacute thyroiditis: A rare case report and literature review

L. Davoodi et al.

Summary: This is the first case in Iran of COVID-19 presenting with subacute thyroiditis. Symptoms gradually disappeared with corticosteroid therapy, but managing this complication can be complicated and take weeks.

NEW MICROBES AND NEW INFECTIONS (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Subacute Thyroiditis and Heart Failure in a Patient Presenting With COVID-19

Sherin Elsa Mathews et al.

Summary: A 67-year-old male patient presented with acute heart failure and subacute thyroiditis related to COVID-19. While heart failure therapies improved heart failure symptoms, specific treatment targeting the thyroid was necessary to improve the patient's thyroid function test results.

JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE MEDICINE HIGH IMPACT CASE REPORTS (2021)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Subacute Thyroiditis in COVID-19 Patients

Saeed Sohrabpour et al.

Summary: This study reported 6 cases of SAT following COVID-19 infection, showing typical features of SAT in clinical manifestations and laboratory evaluations. All patients had negative COVID-19 PCR test results but positive serological tests for COVID-19.

EUROPEAN THYROID JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Thyroid Function Before, During, and After COVID-19

Bernard Khoo et al.

Summary: Most patients with COVID-19 present with euthyroidism. Mild reductions in TSH and FT4 were observed in COVID-19 patients, consistent with a nonthyroidal illness syndrome. In survivors of COVID-19, thyroid function tests at follow-up returned to baseline.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2021)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Thyroid Dysfunction in Relation to Immune Profile, Disease Status, and Outcome in 191 Patients with COVID-19

David Tak Wai Lui et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2-related thyroid dysfunction was observed in approximately 15% of mild to moderate COVID-19 patients, suggesting a direct impact of the virus on thyroid function and potential exacerbation of pre-existing autoimmune thyroid disease. Low fT3 levels, associated with systemic inflammation, may have prognostic implications for COVID-19 outcomes.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2021)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Subacute Thyroiditis from COVID-19 Infection: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Akshay Khatri et al.

Summary: The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has triggered a global pandemic of COVID-19, with increasing reports of extrapulmonary manifestations. This study highlights a case of subacute thyroiditis precipitated by COVID-19 infection, emphasizing the importance of recognizing and managing potential thyroid dysfunction in post-COVID-19 patients. Early identification and appropriate anti-inflammatory therapy are crucial for successful outcomes.

EUROPEAN THYROID JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

The Detection of Serum IgMs to Thyroglobulin in Subacute Thyroiditis Suggests a Protective Role of IgMs in Thyroid Autoimmunity

Debora Ricci et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The cytokine storm in COVID-19: An overview of the involvement of the chemokine/chemokine-receptor system

Francesca Coperchini et al.

CYTOKINE & GROWTH FACTOR REVIEWS (2020)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Subacute Thyroiditis After Sars-COV-2 Infection

Alessandro Brancatella et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2020)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Scope, quality, and inclusivity of clinical guidelines produced early in the covid-19 pandemic: rapid review

Andrew Dagens et al.

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2020)

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Letter Endocrinology & Metabolism

SARS-CoV-2: a potential trigger for subacute thyroiditis? Insights from a case report

S. Ippolito et al.

JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION (2020)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Thyrotoxicosis in patients with COVID-19: the THYRCOV study

Andrea Lania et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (2020)

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Letter Endocrinology & Metabolism

A case of subacute thyroiditis associated with Covid-19 infection

E. Asfuroglu Kalkan et al.

JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION (2020)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Is Subacute Thyroiditis an Underestimated Manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 Infection? Insights From a Case Series

Alessandro Brancatella et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Subacute Thyroiditis in the Setting of Coronavirus Disease 2019

Woon H. Chong et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL SCIENCES (2020)

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News Item Multidisciplinary Sciences

HOW COVID-19 IS CHANGING THE COLD AND FLU SEASON

Nicola Jones

NATURE (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Subacute thyroiditis associated with COVID-19

Shaikh Abdul Matin Mattar et al.

BMJ CASE REPORTS (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Subacute thyroiditis as a presenting manifestation of COVID-19: a report of an exceedingly rare clinical entity

Uddalak Chakraborty et al.

BMJ CASE REPORTS (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

A Case of Post-COVID-19 Subacute Thyroiditis

Maham A. Mehmood et al.

CUREUS JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Subacute Thyroiditis Associated with COVID-19

Eugenia Campos-Barrera et al.

CASE REPORTS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY (2020)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Moderate Frequency of Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibodies in the Early Phase of Subacute Thyroiditis

Eijun Nishihara et al.

EUROPEAN THYROID JOURNAL (2019)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis

Douglas S. Ross et al.

THYROID (2016)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Subacute thyroiditis in the course of novel H1N1 influenza infection

Georgios Dimos et al.

ENDOCRINE (2010)

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Review Virology

Viruses and thyroiditis: an update

Rachel Desailloud et al.

VIROLOGY JOURNAL (2009)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Clinical characteristics of 852 patients with subacute thyroiditis before treatment

Eijun Nishihara et al.

INTERNAL MEDICINE (2008)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Subacute thyroiditis: Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome in fifty-six consecutive patients diagnosed between 1999 and 2005

C. A. Benbassat et al.

JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION (2007)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Atypical subacute thyroiditis caused by Epstein-Barr virus infection in a three-year-old girl

C Volta et al.

THYROID (2005)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus

WH Li et al.

NATURE (2003)

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Article Pathology

Cellular composition of subacute thyroiditis. An immunohistochemical study of six cases

M Kojima et al.

PATHOLOGY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE (2002)

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Article Immunology

Thyroiditis as a presenting feature of mumps

RC Parmar et al.

PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL (2001)

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COVID-19-Associated Subacute Thyroiditis: Evidence-Based Data From a Systematic Review

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