Implication of SARS-CoV-2 Immune Escape Spike Variants on Secondary and Vaccine Breakthrough Infections

Letter Immunology

Asymptomatic Reinfection in 2 Healthcare Workers From India With Genetically Distinct Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

Vivek Gupta et al.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Letter Microbiology

Identification of a Polymorphism in the N Gene of SARS-CoV-2 That Adversely Impacts Detection by Reverse Transcription-PCR

Manu Vanaerschot et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Immunology

Advances in immunotherapy for COVID-19: A comprehensive review

Masoomeh Masoomikarimi et al.

Summary: COVID-19 is a global pandemic caused by SARS-COV-2, with immunopathological features including elevated CRP and IL-6 levels, decreased CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and increased inflammatory cytokines. Specific immunotherapies like CP for COVID-19 lack definitive evidence of effectiveness.

INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Antibody Status and Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Health Care Workers

S. F. Lumley et al.

Summary: In a longitudinal study of seropositive and seronegative health care workers undergoing asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 testing, the presence of anti-spike or anti-nucleocapsid IgG antibodies was associated with a substantially reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in the ensuing 6 months.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection

Jennifer M. Dan et al.

Summary: Different components of immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 exhibit distinct kinetics, with antibodies and spike-specific memory B cells remaining relatively stable over 6 months, while CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) T cells declining with a half-life of 3 to 5 months after infection.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 variants lack higher infectivity but do have immune escape

Qianqian Li et al.

Summary: The 501Y.V2 variants of SARS-CoV-2 with multiple mutations are rapidly spreading from South Africa to other countries, showing reduced susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies and potential compromise of monoclonal antibodies and vaccines. Enhanced infectivity in murine ACE2-overexpressing cells suggests the possibility of transmission to mice.

CELL (2021)

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Article Immunology

Intractable Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Prolonged Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Replication in a Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Modified T-Cell Therapy Recipient: A Case Study

Matthew K. Hensley et al.

Summary: This study reports a case of a recipient of chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cell therapy who developed severe COVID-19 with prolonged viral replication and evolution, along with minimal immune response, suggesting the possibility of prolonged transmission from immunosuppressed patients.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Recurrent COVID-19 including evidence of reinfection and enhanced severity in thirty Brazilian healthcare workers

Leticia Adrielle dos Santos et al.

Summary: This study presents 33 cases of recurrent COVID-19, with most cases being healthcare workers and blood type A. The average time to recurrence was 50.5 days, and recurrent patients had significantly lower SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in their system.

JOURNAL OF INFECTION (2021)

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Article Immunology

S-Variant SARS-CoV-2 Lineage B1.1.7 Is Associated With Significantly Higher Viral Load in Samples Tested by TaqPath Polymerase Chain Reaction

Michael Kidd et al.

Summary: Analysis of recent test data shows that samples containing the SARS-CoV-2 variant B1.1.7 with mutation Delta 69/70 exhibit S gene target failure (SGTF) in ThermoFisher TaqPath RT-qPCR. Samples with SGTF profile are more likely to have higher viral loads, indicating higher infectivity and rapid spread of this variant.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 spike D614G change enhances replication and transmission

Bin Zhou et al.

Summary: Research has shown that the D614G substitution in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 leads to increased binding and replication potential in humans, as well as significantly higher replication and transmissibility in different animal models, providing an explanation for the global prevalence of this variant in the COVID-19 pandemic.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 to mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies

Dami A. Collier et al.

Summary: The B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2 exhibited reduced neutralization by vaccines and antibodies from recovered COVID-19 patients, with a more substantial loss seen when introducing the E484K mutation. This mutation poses a threat to the efficacy of the BNT162b2 vaccine.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 evolution during treatment of chronic infection

Steven A. Kemp et al.

Summary: Chronic infection with SARS-CoV-2 can lead to viral evolution and increased resistance to neutralizing antibodies in immunosuppressed individuals treated with convalescent plasma. During convalescent plasma therapy, there were significant shifts in the viral population structure and sensitivity, suggesting strong selection pressure on the virus during treatment.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 within-host diversity and transmission

Katrina A. Lythgoe et al.

Summary: The study found that SARS-CoV-2 infections in clinical samples in the UK are characterized by low levels of within-host diversity and a narrow bottleneck at transmission. Most variants are either lost or occasionally fixed at the point of transmission, with shared diversity not persisting.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Transmission, infectivity, and neutralization of a spike L452R SARS-CoV-2 variant

Xianding Deng et al.

Summary: A new SARS-CoV-2 variant named B.1.427/B.1.429 was identified in California, with increased transmissibility and carrying three mutations in spike protein, including L452R substitution. The variant emerged in May 2020 and became predominant in sequenced cases from September 2020 to January 2021. In vivo viral shedding was increased and antibody neutralization decreased, calling for further investigation.

CELL (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Vaccine Breakthrough Infections with SARS-CoV-2 Variants

Ezgi Hacisuleyman et al.

Summary: Despite evidence of vaccine efficacy, two fully vaccinated individuals developed mild symptoms of Covid-19 and were infected with variants of SARS-CoV-2. Sequencing of the virus isolates revealed novel mutations, highlighting the potential risk of illness post-vaccination and subsequent infection with variant virus. Efforts to prevent, diagnose, and characterize variants in vaccinated individuals are crucial.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Editorial Material Surgery

Postvaccination SARS-CoV-2 infections among skilled nursing facility residents and staff members - Chicago, Illinois, December 2020-March 2021

Richard A. Teran et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION (2021)

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Letter Immunology

Breakthrough COVID-19 case after full-dose administration of CoronaVac vaccine

Zulvikar Syambani Ulhaq et al.

INDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

SARS-CoV-2 reinfection with a virus harboring mutation in the Spike and the Nucleocapsid proteins in Panama

Yamilka Diaz et al.

Summary: The case report describes a reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 with the second virus containing amino acid changes in various proteins, including the Spike protein. The virus associated with the reinfection was from an endemic lineage in Panama, carrying the S:L452R immune escape mutation.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Letter Infectious Diseases

Genomic survey of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine breakthrough infections in healthcare workers from Kerala, India

J. Beena Philomina et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTION (2021)

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Letter Infectious Diseases

Rate and risk factors for breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination

Adeel A. Butt et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTION (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Reduced sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta to antibody neutralization

Delphine Planas et al.

Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 Delta variant, first identified in India in 2020, has become dominant in some regions and is spreading to many countries. This variant shows resistance to certain monoclonal antibodies and antibodies in convalescent sera, as well as reduced neutralization by some COVID-19 vaccines. Administration of two doses of the vaccine is needed for a neutralizing response against the Delta variant.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Evidence for increased breakthrough rates of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in BNT162b2-mRNA-vaccinated individuals

Talia Kustin et al.

Summary: Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections post-vaccination may be caused by B.1.1.7 or B.1.351 variants, indicating the importance of robust vaccination. Reduced vaccine effectiveness against these variants was observed in the study, highlighting the need for continued surveillance and enhanced vaccination efforts.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 immune evasion by the B.1.427/B.1.429 variant of concern

Matthew McCallum et al.

Summary: The novel CAL.20C (B.1.427/B.1.429) variant carries spike protein mutations, resulting in reduced neutralizing titers in vaccinated individuals and convalescent individuals. The L452R mutation reduces neutralizing activity in RBD-specific monoclonal antibodies, while the S13I and W152C mutations lead to the total loss of neutralization in NTD-specific antibodies due to antigenic supersite remodeling.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Signatures in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein conferring escape to neutralizing antibodies

Marta Alenquer et al.

Summary: Understanding the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and host immunity is crucial in controlling COVID-19 pandemics. Mutations in the spike protein can impact antibody and ACE2 binding, requiring monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 evolution and dynamics. Identifying signatures in SARS-CoV-2 that make the virus resistant to neutralizing antibodies is critical for the development of therapies, vaccines, and diagnostics.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2021)

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Article Biology

N501Y mutation of spike protein in SARS-CoV-2 strengthens its binding to receptor ACE2

Fang Tian et al.

Summary: Research indicates that the N501Y mutation in SARS-CoV-2 variants strengthens its interaction with ACE2, leading to an increased transmission rate, highlighting the need for close monitoring of future mutations in the virus' RBD.

ELIFE (2021)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections Reported to CDC - United States, January 1-April 30, 2021

Meseret Birhane et al.

MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT (2021)

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Article Microbiology

SARS-CoV-2 variant prediction and antiviral drug design are enabled by RBD in vitro evolution

Jiri Zahradnik et al.

Summary: In vitro evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain successfully generated a high-affinity variant effective in inhibiting virus infection. Mutations present in more transmissible viruses were preferentially selected, and increased affinity to ACE2 was positively correlated with the incidence of RBD mutations in the population. The study also identified mutations with potential higher infectivity, and the high-affinity RBD variant showed efficacy in inhibiting infection in vitro and reducing clinical disease in a hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 challenge.

NATURE MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Letter Immunology

Confirmed Reinfection With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Variant VOC-202012/01

David Harrington et al.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Recurrence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in recovered COVID-19 patients: a narrative review

Thi Loi Dao et al.

Summary: Many studies have shown re-positive tests for SARS-CoV-2 in recovered COVID-19 patients are common, with proportions varying depending on population size, age, and sample types. False-negative tests, reactivation, and re-infection are suggested as potential causes, emphasizing the need for novel assays targeting crucial regions of the RNA genome to improve sensitivity and specificity.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Immunology