Comparative Magnitude and Persistence of Humoral SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Responses in the Adult Population in Germany

Article Immunology

A Higher Antibody Response Is Generated With a 6-to 7-Week (vs Standard) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccine Dosing Interval

Brian Grunau et al.

Summary: This study compared the serology results of paramedics vaccinated with mRNA vaccines at short and long intervals, and found that a long dosing interval resulted in higher antibody concentrations.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Robust and durable serological response following pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection

Hanna Renk et al.

Summary: This study compares the humoral immune response in children and adults following SARS-CoV-2 infection and finds that children are more likely to have asymptomatic infections and higher levels of specific antibodies that persist for a longer time. Symptomatic and asymptomatic infections induce similar humoral responses across all age groups.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Immunogenicity of standard and extended dosing intervals of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine

Rebecca P. Payne et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that the first dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine can induce protection against the B.1.1.7 variant within weeks, and extending the interval between doses can result in higher levels of neutralizing antibody response. Prior infection with the virus can accelerate the immune response.

CELL (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in Germany A Population-Based Sequential Study in Seven Regions

Daniela Gornyk et al.

Summary: This study revealed that the seroprevalence rate of COVID-19 among unvaccinated individuals in various districts in Germany increased from 1.3-2.8% between July and December 2020 to 4.1-13.1% between February and May 2021. The seroprevalence rate showed a downward trend over the course of the pandemic.

DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

Merryn Voysey et al.

Summary: The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine has been shown to have an acceptable safety profile and effectiveness against symptomatic COVID-19, with higher efficacy observed in the group that received a low dose followed by a standard dose.

LANCET (2021)

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Review Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Review Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and associated factors in healthcare workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

P. Galanis et al.

Summary: The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among HCWs is relatively high and influenced by factors such as gender, race, work environment, and protective measures.

JOURNAL OF HOSPITAL INFECTION (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Exploring beyond clinical routine SARS-CoV-2 serology using MultiCoV-Ab to evaluate endemic coronavirus cross-reactivity

Matthias Becker et al.

Summary: The humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for understanding COVID-19 progression, monitoring seroconversion, and supporting vaccine development. A multiplex immunoassay has been developed, including spike and nucleocapsid proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and endemic human coronaviruses, with high specificity and sensitivity.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Covid-19: European countries suspend use of Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine after reports of blood clots

Jacqui Wise

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Elapsed time since BNT162b2 vaccine and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection: test negative design study

Ariel Israel et al.

Summary: In this study, it was found that the risk of COVID-19 infection gradually increased in adults who received their second dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine after at least 90 days, based on electronic health records.

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Hematology

Antibody-mediated procoagulant platelets in thrombotic thrombocytopenia

Karina Althaus et al.

Summary: This study reported pathological and immunological findings in eight patients who developed vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) after receiving the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. The results showed that sera from VITT patients contained high-titer antibodies against platelet factor 4 (PF4) and the antibodies induced significant platelet activation leading to an increase in procoagulant markers. The study demonstrated the contribution of antibody-mediated platelet activation in the pathogenesis of VITT.

HAEMATOLOGICA (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Trajectory of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Over Time and Association of Initial Vaccine Hesitancy With Subsequent Vaccination

Aaron J. Siegler et al.

JAMA NETWORK OPEN (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection

David S. Khoury et al.

Summary: The level of neutralizing antibodies is closely related to immune protection against COVID-19, playing a crucial role in protecting against detected infection and severe infection. Studies have shown that neutralizing titers will decline over time after vaccination, leading to decreased protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 Vaccination

Andreas Greinacher et al.

Summary: After vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCov-19, rare immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia can occur due to platelet-activating antibodies against PF4, resulting in various thrombotic events. Most patients in this case series were women, with fatal outcomes such as cerebral venous thrombosis and intracranial hemorrhage. Additional studies are needed to further investigate and understand this phenomenon.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant

S. A. Madhi et al.

Summary: The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine did not provide significant protection against mild-to-moderate Covid-19 caused by the B.1.351 variant, with an efficacy of 10.4%. The incidence of serious adverse events was balanced between the vaccine and placebo groups.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Antibody Persistence through 6 Months after the Second Dose of mRNA-1273 Vaccine for Covid-19

Nicole Doria-Rose et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Arterial events, venous thromboembolism, thrombocytopenia, and bleeding after vaccination with Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S in Denmark and Norway: population based cohort study

Anton Pottegard et al.

Summary: This study assessed rates of cardiovascular and haemostatic events in Denmark and Norway after vaccination with the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine ChAdOx1-S, finding increased rates of venous thromboembolic events among recipients. Despite slightly higher rates of thrombocytopenia/coagulation disorders and bleeding, the overall safety outcomes were largely reassuring.

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Immunology

Distinct antibody and memory B cell responses in SARS-CoV-2 naive and recovered individuals after mRNA vaccination

Rishi R. Goel et al.

Summary: mRNA vaccines exhibit robust serological and cellular priming, with naïve individuals requiring two doses for optimal antibody responses, especially against the B.1.351 variant. Memory B cells specific for spike protein and RBD were efficiently primed by vaccination, while recovered individuals showed significant boosting after the first dose, correlating with preexisting memory B cell levels. Identifying distinct responses based on prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure suggests that recovered subjects may only need one vaccine dose for peak responses, which can inform vaccine distribution strategies in resource-limited settings.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Quantitative SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike responses to Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines by previous infection status

David W. Eyre et al.

Summary: The study found that nearly all healthcare workers develop detectable anti-spike antibodies after receiving the Pfizer-BioNTech or Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines. Those with prior infection and younger age were more likely to test seropositive after the first dose.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response Following Vaccination With BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273

Deborah Steensels et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Safety and immunogenicity of heterologous versus homologous prime-boost schedules with an adenoviral vectored and mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (Com-COV): a single-blind, randomised, non-inferiority trial

Xinxue Liu et al.

Summary: Heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine schedules could facilitate mass immunisation, with ChAd/BNT showing non-inferior immunogenicity compared to ChAd/ChAd, but BNT/ChAd did not demonstrate non-inferiority to BNT/BNT. The results support flexibility in using heterologous prime-boost vaccination with ChAd and BNT COVID-19 vaccines.

LANCET (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Neutralising antibodies after COVID-19 vaccination in UK haemodialysis patients

Edward J. Carr et al.

LANCET (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/mRNA vaccination

Tina Schmidt et al.

Summary: In healthy adults, vaccination with an mRNA vaccine as a booster, regardless of the initial vaccine, resulted in higher levels of spike-specific antibodies and T cells compared to booster vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCov-19. Heterologous vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 followed by an mRNA vaccine induced strong immune responses with acceptable reactogenicity, showing similar or better effects than homologous mRNA vaccine regimens.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants after heterologous and homologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/BNT162b2 vaccination

Joana Barros-Martins et al.

Summary: A study found that booster vaccination with BNT162b2 in healthcare professionals previously vaccinated with ChAdOx-1 nCoV-19 elicited more neutralizing antibodies and higher frequencies of virus-specific T cells. Additionally, BNT162b2 induced high titers of neutralizing antibodies against variants of concern, such as B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Impact of vaccination on new SARS-CoV-2 infections in the United Kingdom

Emma Pritchard et al.

Summary: Results from the Office for National Statistics COVID-19 Infection Survey in the UK demonstrate that the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 vaccines reduce the incidence of new SARS-CoV-2 infections by up to 65% with a single dose and up to 80% after two doses, with no significant differences in efficacy observed between the two vaccines.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Evidence for increased breakthrough rates of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in BNT162b2-mRNA-vaccinated individuals

Talia Kustin et al.

Summary: Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections post-vaccination may be caused by B.1.1.7 or B.1.351 variants, indicating the importance of robust vaccination. Reduced vaccine effectiveness against these variants was observed in the study, highlighting the need for continued surveillance and enhanced vaccination efforts.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Covid-19 Vaccine Effectiveness and the Test-Negative Design

Natalie E. Dean et al.

Summary: Observational studies are becoming crucial for assessing vaccine effectiveness, especially when large randomized controlled trials are not feasible. These studies can monitor vaccine efficacy waning and assess the effectiveness against new coronavirus variants.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Durable Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses 8 Months after Ad26.COV2.S Vaccination

Dan H. Barouch et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines in Ambulatory and Inpatient Care Settings

M. G. Thompson et al.

Summary: A study with a test-negative design analyzed 41,552 admissions to 187 hospitals and 21,522 visits to 221 EDs or urgent care clinics. The mRNA-based vaccines (>= 14 days after the second dose) were highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to hospitalization (89%), ICU admission (90%), or an urgent care visit (91%).

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Immunology

Evaluation of post-introduction COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness: Summary of interim guidance of the World Health Organization

Minal K. Patel et al.

Summary: Phase 3 randomized-controlled trials have shown promising results for COVID-19 vaccine efficacy, but questions remain due to short follow-up during trials, strict eligibility criteria, emerging variants, and changing epidemiology. Post-introduction vaccine effectiveness evaluations are crucial for addressing unanswered questions and informing evolving vaccine policy, including assessing duration, effectiveness in key populations, and against emerging variants. WHO has developed interim best practice guidance for COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness evaluations, covering study designs, outcomes, biases, surveillance platforms, and reporting recommendations.

VACCINE (2021)

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Article Immunology

Evidence for antibody as a protective correlate for COVID-19 vaccines

Kristen A. Earle et al.

Summary: The study found a strong correlation between antibody titers and efficacy when assessing different COVID-19 vaccines, supporting the use of post-immunization antibody titers as the basis for establishing a correlate of protection for COVID-19 vaccines.

VACCINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in vaccinated individuals

Matthias Becker et al.

Summary: This study characterizes the antibody response from vaccinated, infected, and uninfected individuals against emerging variants of concern of SARS-CoV-2, indicating reduced neutralization of a South African isolate. High IgG titers in the saliva of vaccinees suggest reduced transmission potential.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Monitoring Incidence of COVID-19 Cases, Hospitalizations, and Deaths, by Vaccination Status — 13 U.S. Jurisdictions, April 4–July 17, 2021

Heather M. Scobie et al.

MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT (2021)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Comparative Effectiveness of Moderna, Pfizer-BioNTech, and Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) Vaccines in Preventing COVID-19 Hospitalizations Among Adults Without Immunocompromising Conditions — United States, March–August 2021

Wesley H. Self et al.

MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Cellular and humoral immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine in patients on haemodialysis

Monika Strengert et al.

Summary: Patients on maintenance haemodialysis show detectable but variable cellular and humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern after receiving the BNT162b2 vaccine. While encouraging, the diminished virus neutralization and interferon gamma responses in the face of emerging variants may indicate a need for re-vaccination using modified vaccines in this at-risk population.

EBIOMEDICINE (2021)

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Article Immunology

Adaptive immune determinants of viral clearance and protection in mouse models of SARS-CoV-2

Benjamin Israelow et al.

Summary: Research demonstrates that both humoral and cellular immunity play a role in clearing SARS-CoV-2, and convalescent mice or mice vaccinated with mRNA are protected from infection with both the wild type virus and the B.1.351 variant. This protection is mainly mediated by antibody response rather than cellular immunity.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Simultaneous evaluation of antibodies that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 variants via multiplex assay

Ester Lopez et al.

Summary: This study introduces a new rapid multiplex assay for measuring SARS-CoV-2 antibodies that can evaluate multiple RBD natural variants, filling a major gap in SARS-CoV-2 research and providing a method for selecting complementary monoclonal antibody candidates and rapidly identifying immune escape to emerging RBD variants following vaccination or natural infection.

JCI INSIGHT (2021)

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Article Health Care Sciences & Services

Dynamics of antibody response to BNT162b2 vaccine after six months: a longitudinal prospective study

Paul Naaber et al.

Summary: The study found that antibody levels declined at 12 weeks and 6 months after receiving two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine, with Spike antibody levels at 6 months being similar to those in individuals who received one dose or had recovered from COVID-19. Most individuals developed Spike-specific memory T cell responses, which were lower in those with higher T cell immunosenescence. Antibody response was negatively correlated with age and positively correlated with the total score of vaccination side effects.

LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-EUROPE (2021)

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Article Immunology

Progress of the COVID-19 vaccine effort: viruses, vaccines and variants versus efficacy, effectiveness and escape

John S. Tregoning et al.

Summary: The development and rollout of vaccines have brought hope for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic, with vaccines proving highly effective in preventing disease. However, challenges remain in ensuring equitable access to vaccines globally, as well as lessons to be learned for controlling pandemics in the future.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology