期刊
MINERALS
卷 11, 期 12, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/min11121437
关键词
deep-sea mining; marine minerals; seafloor massive sulfides; polymetallic nodules; cobalt-rich crusts; mineral processing; hydrometallurgy; pyrometallurgy; metals; extraction
资金
- Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education
This study discusses the current status of development of polymetallic manganese nodules, cobalt-rich manganese crusts, and seafloor massive sulfides, and summarizes the common methods for metal extraction from marine mineral deposits.
Polymetallic manganese nodules (PMN), cobalt-rich manganese crusts (CRC) and seafloor massive sulfides (SMS) have been identified as important resources of economically valuable metals and critical raw materials. The currently proposed mineral processing operations are based on metallurgical approaches applied for land resources. Thus far, significant endeavors have been carried out to describe the extraction of metals from PMN; however, to the best of the authors' knowledge, it lacks a thorough review on recent developments in processing of CRC and SMS. This paper begins with an overview of each marine mineral. It is followed by a systematic review of common methods used for extraction of metals from marine mineral deposits. In this review, we update the information published so far in peer-reviewed and technical literature, and briefly provide the future perspectives for processing of marine mineral deposits.
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