Notes on Confinement on R3 x S1: From Yang-Mills, Super-Yang-Mills, and QCD (adj) to QCD(F)

This is a pedagogical introduction to the physics of confinement on R(3)xS(1), using SU(2) Yang-Mills with massive or massless adjoint fermions as the prime example; we also add fundamental flavours to conclude. The small-S-1 limit is remarkable, allowing for controlled semiclassical determination of the nonperturbative physics in these, mostly non-supersymmetric, theories. We begin by reviewing the Polyakov confinement mechanism on R-3. Moving on to R(3)xS(1), we show how introducing adjoint fermions stabilizes center symmetry, leading to abelianization and semiclassical calculability. We explain how monopole-instantons and twisted monopole-instantons arise. We describe the role of various novel topological excitations in extending Polyakov's confinement to the locally four-dimensional case, discuss the nature of the confining string, and the theta-angle dependence. We study the global symmetry realization and, when available, present evidence for the absence of phase transitions as a function of the S-1 size. As our aim is not to cover all work on the subject, but to prepare the interested reader for its study, we also include brief descriptions of topics not covered in detail: the necessity for analytic continuation of path integrals, the study of more general theories, and the 't Hooft anomalies involving higher-form symmetries.

Automated summary

This article provides a pedagogical introduction to the physics of confinement on R(3)xS(1) using SU(2) Yang-Mills and adjoint fermions as an example. It discusses how introducing adjoint fermions stabilizes center symmetry and allows for semiclassical calculation of nonperturbative physics. The article also explores the generation of monopole-instantons and twisted monopole-instantons, as well as the role of various topological excitations.